Locate a grave MUSEUM OF THE FALLEN
A catalogue of what humanity built & lost
The Museum

Credits & colophon

Every image in this museum is stored locally and carries its source and licence. 1069 images across 385 graves.

Data sources

Facts, dates, and figures come from the sources cited on each grave's page — chiefly Encyclopaedia Britannica, Wikipedia, primary scholarship (e.g. Taagepera for empire areas), and named reports. Remembrance figures (pageviews and language-edition counts) are pulled from the Wikimedia REST and API endpoints.

Logos

Company logos and historical marks are shown to identify the company being written about (nominative use). The logo files used here are in the public domain on Wikimedia Commons (simple or below-the-threshold-of-originality marks); trademarks remain the property of their respective owners and no endorsement is implied.

Images

Licences abbreviated: CC0 / Public domain (free of copyright), CC BY / CC BY-SA (attribution, share-alike) — see each link for full terms.

Bygone Companies

  • The Acciaiuoli Bank — Coat of arms of the Acciaioli family of Florence. James2813, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Acciaiuoli Bank — Gold florin (fiorino) of the Republic of Florence, 1347, the coin of the Florentine banking era. Classical Numismatic Group, Inc., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Acciaiuoli Bank — Certosa del Galluzzo monastery near Florence, founded in 1341 by Niccolò Acciaioli. Mgelormino, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Anaconda Copper — The Anaconda Smelter Stack (1919) with copper slag in the foreground, Anaconda, Montana. Sam Beebe, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Anaconda Copper — Anaconda Copper Mining Company mine headframes towering over Butte, Montana. Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Anaconda Copper — The Berkeley Pit open-pit copper mine at Butte, Montana, photographed in 1986. Kolopres, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Ansett Australia — Ansett Australia Airbus A320 aircraft parked at Melbourne Airport, September 2001. Kjd, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Ansett Australia — Ansett Australia Boeing 767 airliner in flight. Rob Hodgkins, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Ansett Australia — Ansett Australia Airbus A320-211 (VH-HYC) at Perth Airport in 1996. Aero Icarus from Zürich, Switzerland, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Arthur Andersen — The Arthur Andersen wordmark, the accounting firm that collapsed with Enron in 2002.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Arthur Andersen — Office tower that housed Arthur Andersen. othree, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Arthur Andersen — Building that housed the Arthur Andersen offices in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Holomap, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Atari, Inc. — The Atari 'Fuji' symbol of three tapering vertical bars.. Atari, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Atari, Inc. — Atari 2600 wood-veneer four-switch console with joystick, the system that defined home video gaming. Evan-Amos, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Atari, Inc. — Atari 2600 'Light Sixer' console, an early six-switch model of the Atari home console. Evan-Amos, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Bank of Saint George — The Palazzo San Giorgio in Genoa, headquarters of the Bank of Saint George from 1407 to 1805. Superchilum, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Bank of Saint George — Page from the 1485 Libro delle Colonne, an account ledger of the Banco di San Giorgio. Photo: User:FA2010, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Bank of Saint George — Corot's 1834 view of Genoa, the maritime republic served by the Banco di San Giorgio. Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Bardi and Peruzzi banks — A gold Florentine florin (c. 1285-1290) with the fleur-de-lis and St John the Baptist; the coin of the Florence the Bardi and Peruzzi banked in.. Suffolk County Council / Riccardo Caravello, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Bardi and Peruzzi banks — Giotto's fresco of the Stigmatization of Saint Francis in the Bardi Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence, commissioned by the Bardi banking family. Giotto, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Bardi and Peruzzi banks — Giotto's Feast of Herod fresco in the Peruzzi Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence, commissioned by the Peruzzi banking family. Giotto, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Barings Bank — Thomas Lawrence's portrait of Sir Francis Baring with John Baring and Charles Wall, founders' generation of Barings Bank.. Thomas Lawrence, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Barings Bank — Portrait of the partners of Baring Brothers & Co in the 1920s, decades before the bank's 1995 collapse. Ambrose McEvoy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Barings Bank — A Barings Brothers circular letter of credit issued in 1892, a financial instrument of the historic London merchant bank. Baring Brothers, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • BCCI — The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) building in Karachi, Pakistan.. Anwar Ahmed, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • BCCI — The Edinburgh branch building of Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) on St Andrew's Square. Richard Webb, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Bear Stearns — The Bear Stearns corporate logo; the investment bank failed in March 2008.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Bear Stearns — Bear Stearns offices in Canary Wharf, London. XCONY, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Bear Stearns — Bear Stearns headquarters tower at 383 Madison Avenue, New York. C R (Flickr), CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Bethlehem Steel — The Bethlehem Steel Corporation logo.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Bethlehem Steel — The old blast furnaces of the former Bethlehem Steel plant (now SteelStacks). BrettLewis88, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Bethlehem Steel — 1881 sepia watercolor of the Bethlehem Steel works by Joseph Pennell. Joseph Pennell, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Blockbuster — The Blockbuster logo. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Blockbuster — A Blockbuster Video storefront in Anchorage, Alaska. Jon Konrath, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Gran Tavola dei Bonsignori — A 19th-century xylograph of the Palazzo Bonsignori in Siena, seat of the Gran Tavola. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Gran Tavola dei Bonsignori — Lorenzetti's 1338-39 fresco showing commerce and shops in medieval Siena, the city of the Bonsignori bank. Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Gran Tavola dei Bonsignori — Piazza del Campo, the central square of Siena, home of the Gran Tavola dei Bonsignori. Perituss, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Borders — A former Borders bookstore in downtown Milwaukee, before the chain's 2011 liquidation.. Aaron Volkening, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Borders — Borders bookstore entrance with liquidation 'Store Closing' sale signs, Oakland Mall, Troy, Michigan, August 2011. 42-BRT, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Borders — Borders bookshop storefront on Charing Cross Road, London, 2007. Mark Hillary, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Braniff International Airways — The red Braniff International Airways logo from the 1965 Unimark design.. Braniff Airways, Inc., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Braniff International Airways — A Braniff Boeing 727 in Alexander Calder's 'Flying Colors' bicentennial livery, San Francisco, 1976. Bill Larkins, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Braniff International Airways — A Braniff Boeing 727 in Alexander Girard's solid-orange 'End of the Plain Plane' livery, Washington, 1975. Piergiuliano Chesi, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • British East India Company — The flag of the British East India Company (1801). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • British East India Company — 1754 etching of Fort St George, Madras, the East India Company's principal fort on the Coromandel Coast. Jan van Ryne, 1754, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • British Leyland — A British Leyland badge on a car; the nationalised carmaker behind Austin, Morris and Triumph.. The359, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • British Leyland — British Leyland Austin Allegro 1300 DL, 1973. Kieran White from Manchester, England, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • British South Africa Company — Flag of the British South Africa Company — a Union Jack with a central disc bearing a lion and the letters B.S.A.C.. Mangwanani, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • British South Africa Company — British South Africa Company settlers in Southern Rhodesia, colonial era. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • British South Africa Company — Portrait photograph of Cecil John Rhodes, founder of the British South Africa Company. W. and D. Downey, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Caracas Company — Emblem of the Royal Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas, from a 1752 share certificate. Compañía Guipuzcoana, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Caracas Company — The port of La Guaira, Venezuela, the colonial-era harbour through which the Royal Guipuzcoan Company shipped cacao to Spain. AuroraTerra, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Caracas Company — Colonial Spanish coastal fort in Venezuela, of the type guarding the cacao trade ports the company monopolised. Arnaldo Noguera Sifontes, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Circuit City — The Circuit City logo, the US electronics retailer that liquidated in 2009.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Circuit City — A Circuit City store during its 2009 going-out-of-business liquidation sale. Ildar Sagdejev (Specious), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Circuit City — An abandoned former Circuit City store building in Henrietta, New York, after the chain's liquidation. AuroraTerra, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • City of Glasgow Bank — A cleared cheque drawn on the City of Glasgow Bank, dated 1877. AllyD, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • City of Glasgow Bank — An 1877 City of Glasgow Bank bill of exchange, issued the year before the bank's 1878 collapse. AllyD, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • City of Glasgow Bank — An 1877 City of Glasgow Bank bill of exchange for £5000, a period instrument from the failed bank. AllyD, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Commodore International — The rainbow-striped Commodore 64 logo of Commodore Business Machines.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Commodore International — The Commodore 64 home computer, Commodore's best-selling 8-bit machine of the 1980s. shane doucette from Saskatoon, CA, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Commodore International — A Commodore Amiga 500 with monitor and mouse — Commodore's graphics-and-sound machine of the late 1980s. Bill Bertram, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5)
  • Commodore International — The Commodore PET 2001 of 1977 — the all-in-one machine, with built-in monitor and tape deck, that launched the company into computing. Tomislav Medak, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama — An 1888 provisional share certificate of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama — French dredges tied up and abandoned after the collapse of the de Lesseps Compagnie Universelle, Panama. Farnham Bishop, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama — Workers inside the cut during the French construction of the Panama Canal, 1886. Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Companhia União Fabril — The surviving shell of the CUF chemical works at Barreiro, Portugal, seen from the shore. Filipefirix, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Companhia União Fabril — CUF industrial factory at Barreiro, Portugal. Ricardo Liberato, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Company of Scotland — Coat of arms of the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies (1698). Anonymous, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Company of Scotland — Contemporaneous map of Golden Island and New Caledonia, site of the Darien scheme. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Company of Scotland — The Darien expedition departing from Leith, 1698. Paul Hardy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Compaq — The 1993 Compaq logo with its red arc and blue wordmark.. Compaq Computer Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Compaq — Compaq Portable computer (c.1983) running WordPerfect. Anthony J. Bentley, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Compaq — A 1980s Compaq Portable computer in use. Sean Ellis, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • CompuServe — The later CompuServe logo.. CompuServe, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • CompuServe — The former CompuServe headquarters building in Columbus, Ohio. Wiki Historian N OH, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Crédit Mobilier of America — 1873 editorial cartoon by Joseph Keppler depicting Uncle Sam directing implicated congressmen to commit hara-kiri over the Crédit Mobilier scandal. Joseph Keppler, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Crédit Mobilier of America — The laying of the last rail of the Union Pacific Railroad, Promontory Summit, Utah, May 10, 1869. Andrew J. Russell, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Crédit Mobilier of America — Portrait of Congressman Oakes Ames, central figure in the Crédit Mobilier scandal. Mathew Brady / Levin Corbin Handy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Daewoo — The Daewoo Motors wordmark; the Korean conglomerate collapsed in 1999.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Daewoo — The Daewoo Building in front of Seoul Station, photographed in 1976. Government of South Korea, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Daewoo — Daewoo Express bus terminal in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Ammarkh, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Danish Asiatic Company — 1749 painting of the Asiatisk Kompagni building on Christianshavn, Copenhagen. Johannes Rach and H. H. Eegberg, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Danish Asiatic Company — The Danish Asiatic Company's East Indiaman ship Norge. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Danish Asiatic Company — Period engraving of Masulipatam, a trading centre where the Danish East India Company kept a factory. Johannes Janssonius van Waasbergen, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • DeLorean Motor Company — The DeLorean Motor Company DMC eagle logo.. Bovineone, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • DeLorean Motor Company — A DeLorean DMC-12 with both gullwing doors raised, showing the stainless-steel body. Kevin Abato, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • DeLorean Motor Company — A 1981-1983 DeLorean DMC-12 showing its brushed stainless-steel body and wedge profile. MercurySable99, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Diamang — Child labourers at a Diamang diamond mine in colonial Angola, mid-20th century. Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Diamang — Period photograph of mining technology on the Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang) colonial-era diamond mines. Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) — The 'digital' logotype of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) — A Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 minicomputer. Ross Berteig from Monrovia, California, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) — DEC VAX-11/750 and VAX-11/780 minicomputers at the Computer History Museum. Carlo Nardone from Roma, Italy, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Drexel Burnham Lambert — The Drexel Burnham Lambert logo; the junk-bond investment bank collapsed in 1990.. Cantabrucu, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Drexel Burnham Lambert — Michael Milken, the Drexel Burnham Lambert junk-bond financier. US Government, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Drexel Burnham Lambert — Dennis Levine, the Drexel Burnham Lambert banker at the centre of the 1980s insider-trading scandal. Ken Rutkowski, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Dutch East India Company — The VOC monogram, the first globally recognised corporate logo. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Dutch East India Company — Period painting of the Castle of Batavia, the VOC headquarters in the Dutch East Indies. Andries Beeckman, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Dutch East India Company — A 1756 VOC half-duit coin minted in Holland for the Dutch East India Company. VOC 1756, Holland, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Dutch West India Company — Flag of the Dutch West India Company (West-Indische Compagnie). Zscout370 / Fentener van Vlissingen / Mnmazur, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Dutch West India Company — Plan of Fort Amsterdam in the Dutch West India Company colony of New Amsterdam, 1660. Jacques Cortelyou, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Dutch West India Company — Map of New Amsterdam in 1660, the WIC settlement that became New York. John Wolcott Adams, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Eastern Air Lines — The Eastern Air Lines wordmark; the US carrier ceased operations in 1991.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Eastern Air Lines — Eastern Air Lines Boeing 727 at Las Vegas, October 1982. Leslie Snelleman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Eastern Air Lines — Eastern Air Lines Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprop airliner in flight. San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • E. F. Hutton & Co. — The E. F. Hutton brokerage wordmark.. E. F. Hutton, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • E. F. Hutton & Co. — Decorative entrance of the old E.F. Hutton Building on South Spring Street, Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • E. F. Hutton & Co. — Sea Cloud, the four-masted tall ship commissioned by financier E.F. Hutton in 1931. Tony Hisgett, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Enron — The Enron logo, designed by Paul Rand. Paul Rand, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Enron — The Enron headquarters complex in Houston. Alex, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The French East India Company — 1699 engraving of French vessels departing for the Indies. Jacques Langlois, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The French East India Company — Period engraving of Pondichéry, the French East India Company's Indian capital. Jacques-Gabriel Huquier, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The French East India Company — View of the French East India Company warehouses at Pondichéry. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Frescobaldi Bank — Coat of arms of the Frescobaldi family of Florence. Kunstifi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Frescobaldi Bank — Palazzo on Piazza de' Frescobaldi in Florence, in the historic Frescobaldi family quarter. Francesco Bini, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Frescobaldi Bank — Panorama of Florence and the Arno, the medieval city in which the Frescobaldi bank operated. Petar Milošević, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • FTX — The FTX logo; the crypto exchange collapsed in November 2022.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • FTX — FTX founder Sam Bankman-Fried photographed at MDC Brooklyn after his arrest. Federal Bureau of Prisons, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • FTX — The FTX Arena in downtown Miami days after the exchange's November 2022 collapse. Phillip Pessar, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The House of Fugger — Portrait of Jakob Fugger 'the Rich' by Albrecht Dürer, c.1519–1520. Albrecht Dürer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The House of Fugger — The Fuggerei in Augsburg, the almshouse settlement founded by Jakob Fugger in 1521. Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The House of Fugger — The Fugger Chapel in St Anne's church, Augsburg, the family burial chapel completed 1518. Bärwinkel, Klaus, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • General Magic — A Sony Magic Link personal communicator running General Magic's Magic Cap OS.. Josh Carter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • General Magic — The Motorola Envoy communicator, a PDA running General Magic's Magic Cap operating system. Blake Patterson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • General Magic — Another view of the Motorola Envoy PDA powered by General Magic's Magic Cap OS. Blake Patterson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Gimbels — The Gimbels department-store logo.. Gimbels, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Gimbels — 1910 Gimbels department store advertisement in The New York Times announcing its new New York store. Gimbels (advertisement), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Gimbels — Gimbel Brothers store window display promoting Liberty Bonds during World War I. U.S. Treasury Dept. (NARA), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P) — The A&P logo of The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company.. Tkgd2007 (English Wikipedia), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P) — A Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P) store in the 1880s. Unknown author (Hartford Family Foundation), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P) — Interior of an A&P supermarket from a 1948 Ladies' Home Journal advertisement. Internet Archive Book Images, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Hudson's Bay Company — The 1671 coat of arms of the Hudson's Bay Company, with four beavers around a St George's cross.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Hudson's Bay Company — Entrance to the Hudson's Bay Company trading post at Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, British Columbia. Asahel Curtis, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Hudson's Bay Company — 1952 advertisement for Hudson's Bay Company point blankets in The Beaver magazine. The Beaver magazine (Hudson's Bay Company), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • IG Farben — The IG Farben Building (the Poelzig Building), the company's Frankfurt headquarters, now part of Goethe University. Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • IG Farben — Workers at the IG Farben chemical works in Ludwigshafen, 1941. Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-2007-0071 / CC BY-SA 3.0 DE, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)
  • IG Farben — Defendants in the dock at the IG Farben trial at Nuremberg, 1947. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Imperial British East Africa Company — Flag of the Imperial British East Africa Company. Sodacan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Imperial British East Africa Company — A train crossing a bridge on the Uganda Railway from Mombasa to Nairobi in British East Africa, c. 1910. Phelps Publishing Co., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Imperial British East Africa Company — Postcard photograph of Nairobi Station on the Uganda Railway, Mombasa, British East Africa, c. 1900s. D. V. Figueira, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Jay Cooke & Company — Portrait engraving of Jay Cooke, c.1844. H.C. Merrill (engraving), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Jay Cooke & Company — Black Friday on the Vienna Stock Exchange, 9 May 1873, part of the global Panic of 1873. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Jay Cooke & Company — A run on the Fourth National Bank in New York during the Panic of 1873, triggered by the failure of Jay Cooke & Co. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Knickerbocker Trust Company — The Knickerbocker Trust Company building in New York City, photographed in the early 1900s.. Bain News Service, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Knickerbocker Trust Company — Crowd on Wall Street during the bank panic of October 1907, triggered by the Knickerbocker Trust collapse. Soerfm, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Knickerbocker Trust Company — J. P. Morgan, the New York banker who organized the rescue during the Panic of 1907. Soerfm, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Lehman Brothers — The Lehman Brothers logo. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Lehman Brothers — Lehman Brothers' headquarters in Times Square, New York. David Shankbone, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Levant Company — Flag of the Levant Company, bearing the arms of England with a red cross. Wikimedia Commons contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Levant Company — A period view of Smyrna, a principal Levant Company trading port, 1752. Charles Thomson, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Levant Company — Portrait of English Turkey merchant Francis Levett in Turkish costume, a Levant Company representative at Constantinople. Jean-Étienne Liotard, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Long-Term Capital Management — The Long-Term Capital Management logo; the hedge fund collapsed in 1998.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Long-Term Capital Management — Robert C. Merton, Nobel laureate economist and LTCM principal. Digarnick at en.wikipedia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Long-Term Capital Management — Myron Scholes, Nobel laureate economist and LTCM principal, at the 2008 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings. Nobellaureatesphotographer, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Medici Bank — The coat of arms of the House of Medici. F l a n k e r, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Medici Bank — Facade of the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, seat of the Medici family. Yair Haklai, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Medici Bank — Posthumous portrait of Cosimo de' Medici, founder of the Medici Bank's fortunes. Workshop of Bronzino, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company — Large oil storage tanks of the Mexican Eagle Oil Company, Mexico, 1917. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company — The gusher of the Cerro Azul oil well in Mexico, c. 1918. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company — Oil gusher at Tampico in the Mexican oil fields, c. 1918. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Compagnie du Mississippi — A 1720 Dutch satirical engraving on the Mississippi Company share mania, from 'Het Groote Tafereel der Dwaasheid', Library of Congress.. British Cartoon Prints Collection, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Compagnie du Mississippi — Portrait of John Law, founder of the Mississippi Company. Rama, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Compagnie du Mississippi — 18th-century engraving of the rue Quincampoix in Paris during the 1720 speculation frenzy. Antoine Humblot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Monarch Airlines — The Monarch Airlines logo.. Monarch Airlines, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Monarch Airlines — A Monarch Airlines aircraft at Manchester Airport in 2015. Riik@mctr, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Monarch Airlines — Monarch Airlines Airbus A321 (G-OJEG) at Manchester Airport in 2012. Man Alive!, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Montgomery Ward — The Montgomery Ward wordmark used in the company's final years.. Montgomery Ward, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Montgomery Ward — A 1918 Montgomery Ward mail-order wallpaper sample catalogue, sold through the company's catalogue business. Montgomery Ward & Co., 1918, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Montgomery Ward — A Montgomery Ward department store at the Wonderland Shopping Center, San Antonio, Texas, c. 1963. Click Americana, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Mozambique Company — The governor with senior officials of the Companhia de Moçambique, from the company's archive. Companhia de Moçambique, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mozambique Company — Barracão (depot building) of the Companhia de Moçambique in Beira, November 1888. Companhia de Moçambique, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mozambique Company — The Companhia de Moçambique hospital building in Beira. Companhia de Moçambique, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Nortel Networks — The Nortel Networks wordmark; the Canadian telecom giant filed for bankruptcy in 2009.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Nortel Networks — Nortel corporate headquarters campus in Etobicoke, Toronto. GTD Aquitaine, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Nortel Networks — A former Nortel building in Torbay, UK. Derek Harper, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Olympia & York — One Canada Square at Canary Wharf, London — the centrepiece of Olympia & York's ill-fated development. Kurkoe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Olympia & York — The World Financial Center in New York, developed by Olympia & York, at dusk. WiNG, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Olympia & York — The World Financial Center towers in Lower Manhattan, New York. Legalizeit, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.5)
  • The Ostend Company — Title page of the imperial letters patent founding the Ostend Company, issued by Charles VI in 1722. Government 1722-23 (uncopyrighted document), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Ostend Company — Painting of the Ostend Company ship Impératrice Élisabeth being attacked by Barbary Coast corsairs in 1724. Unknown painter, c. 1730–1740, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Ostend Company — Share certificate No. 4527 of the Ostend East India Company, dated 1723. Paulus Swaen, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Overend, Gurney and Company — 1866 political cartoon from Fun magazine satirising the Overend Gurney collapse. (unknown), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Overend, Gurney and Company — News engraving of crowds gathered outside the Overend Gurney & Co banking house in London on 11 May 1866. Die Gartenlaube, 1866, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Packard Motor Car Company — The Packard automobile script logo used before 1958.. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Packard Motor Car Company — A 1934 Packard Twelve Aero Sport Coupe, custom-bodied by LeBaron, one of three surviving examples. Mr.choppers, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Packard Motor Car Company — The ruined interior of the Packard Automotive Plant in Detroit, the Albert Kahn factory that built Packards until 1958. Ken Lund, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Palm, Inc. — A Palm m125 personal digital assistant in hand, running Palm OS.. Siarhei Besarab, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Palm, Inc. — Palm Treo 680 smartphone released in 2006. Giaccai, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Palm, Inc. — Palm TX personal digital assistant, 2006. Stefano Palazzo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Pan Am — The Pan Am globe logo. Pan Am Systems, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Pan Am — A Pan Am Boeing 747, the Clipper Victor, at London Heathrow. Paul Seymour, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Penn Central Transportation Company — The Penn Central 'worm' logo, the interlocking PC mark introduced at the 1968 merger.. Xb-70, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Penn Central Transportation Company — Penn Central GG-1 electric locomotive at Orangeville Roundhouse, Baltimore, Maryland, August 1970. Roger Puta, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Penn Central Transportation Company — Penn Central SW1 diesel switcher locomotive no. 8441, Indianapolis, Indiana, March 1970. Roger Puta, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Pets.com — The Pets.com sock-puppet mascot, with its microphone headset, on display at a memorabilia exhibit.. Atomic Taco, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Pets.com — Pets.com sock puppet mascot, photographed February 2006. Jacob Bøtter from Copenhagen, Denmark, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Polaroid Corporation — The Polaroid rainbow-stripe wordmark.. Retro00064, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Polaroid Corporation — Polaroid SX-70 folding instant camera, silver and tan, shown open. Michael Gatchell, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Polaroid Corporation — Portrait of Edwin H. Land, founder of Polaroid Corporation. Bernard Gotfryd, photographer; Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Pullman Company — An 1894 colour lithograph of a Pullman dining car interior, with a porter serving passengers.. Strobridge & Co. Lith., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Pullman Company — Pullman porter making up an upper berth on the Capitol Limited train, circa 1942. Jack Delano, photographer; Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Pullman Company — Federal troops guarding Pullman Company property during the 1894 Pullman Strike, Harper's Weekly illustration. Harper's Weekly, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Quibi — The Quibi purple wordmark logo.. Quibi Holdings LLC, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Quibi — Jeffrey Katzenberg, Quibi co-founder, speaking at the 2014 World Travel & Tourism Council Global Summit. World Travel & Tourism Council, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Quibi — Meg Whitman, Quibi co-founder and CEO, official portrait as U.S. Ambassador. United States Department of State; Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Riccardi of Lucca — Coat of arms of the Riccardi family of Lucca. Massimop, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Riccardi of Lucca — Panoramic view of Lucca from the Torre Guinigi, showing the medieval city's rooftops and towers. Zairon, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • The Riccardi of Lucca — Piazza dell'Anfiteatro in Lucca, the elliptical medieval square built on the footprint of a Roman amphitheatre. qwesy qwesy, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • RKO Pictures — The 1933 RKO Radio Pictures logo: a radio tower broadcasting atop a globe.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • RKO Pictures — King Kong battles a Tyrannosaurus Rex in the 1933 RKO film King Kong. RKO Radio Pictures; Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • RKO Pictures — On-set production still from RKO's Citizen Kane (1941), showing a low-angle camera setup. RKO Radio Pictures, still photographer Alexander Kahle; Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Royal African Company — Coat of arms of the Royal African Company. Unknown, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Royal African Company — Engraving of Cape Coast Castle as it appeared in 1682, the Royal African Company's principal trading fort on the Gold Coast of Ghana. Greenhill, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Royal African Company — 1732 engraving depicting enslaved people being transported aboard European ships at Manfroe on the Gold Coast of West Africa. Johannes Kip, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Saab Automobile — The Saab Automobile wordmark.. Saab, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Saab Automobile — Saab 900 three-door hatchback. IFCAR, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Saab Automobile — Aerial view of Saab Automobile AB's main production facilities in Trollhättan, Sweden. Saab Automobile AB, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Silicon Graphics (SGI) — The tricolour SGI logo of Silicon Graphics.. Silicon Graphics, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Silicon Graphics (SGI) — Front view of an SGI Indigo workstation, Silicon Graphics' high-end Unix graphics computer from the early 1990s. Retro-Computing Society of Rhode Island, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Silicon Graphics (SGI) — SGI O2 workstation, Silicon Graphics' compact IRIX-based graphics computer from the mid-1990s. Dennis van Zuijlekom, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Société Générale de Belgique — A 1929 security certificate of the Société Générale de Belgique. Scan from EDHAC e.V., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Société Générale de Belgique — Former head office of the Société Générale de Belgique on rue Royale, Brussels, photographed 2022. Boubloub, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • South Manchuria Railway Company — A 1929 map of Manchuria showing the South Manchuria Railway Company's rail lines and territory. South Manchuria Railway Company, 1928, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • South Manchuria Railway Company — South Manchuria Railway station building at Mukden (Shenyang), Manchuria, c. 1910s–1920s. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • South Manchuria Railway Company — South Manchuria Railway Pashina-type steam locomotive No. 797, built by Kawasaki Shipbuilding. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • South Sea Company — An 18th-century engraving satirising the collapse of the South Sea Company in 1720, Rijksmuseum.. Rijksmuseum, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • South Sea Company — South Sea Company stock certificate issued 22 June 1720 for £1,000 (10 shares at £100 each), purchased at £4,000 during the Bubble. Julie Ceccaldi, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • South Sea Company — Portrait of John Blunt, chief promoter of the South Sea Company, mezzotint engraving. Printed by John Simon after D Stevens, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Standard Oil — A 1904 Puck cartoon by Udo Keppler depicting Standard Oil as an octopus gripping industry and the US Capitol.. Udo Keppler, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Standard Oil — Standard Oil Company refinery on the flats, 1889. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Standard Oil — Portrait photograph of John D. Rockefeller, founder of Standard Oil, 1918. Arnold Genthe, photographer, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Studebaker — The Studebaker script wordmark; the carmaker stopped production in 1966.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Studebaker — 1951 Studebaker Champion Starlight Coupe, three-quarter front view. CapCase, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Studebaker — 1950 Studebaker on display at the Petersen Automotive Museum. TaurusEmerald, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Swedish East India Company — Watercolour ship portrait of the Swedish East India Company frigate Fredrica. Heland, I. F., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Swedish East India Company — The Götheborg replica East Indiaman moored at her home berth at the Swedish East India Company site in Gothenburg. W.carter, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Swedish East India Company — The Ostindiska huset (East India House) in Gothenburg, former headquarters of the Swedish East India Company. ArildV, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Swissair — The Swissair logo with the Swiss cross; the airline was grounded in 2001.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Swissair — Swissair Boeing 747-200 in flight. Eduard Marmet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Swissair — Swissair Boeing 747-300 at Geneva Airport in March 1988. simon butler from halesowen, uk, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Theranos — The Theranos logo; the blood-testing startup collapsed amid fraud charges in 2018.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Theranos — Elizabeth Holmes, founder and CEO of Theranos. Kevin Krejci from Near the Pacific Ocean, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Theranos — Elizabeth Holmes speaking at TechCrunch Disrupt, September 2014. TechCrunch, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Tower Records — The Tower Records store on Sunset Boulevard, West Hollywood, photographed in 2006 shortly before it closed.. Mike Dillon, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Tower Records — Tower Records store in Himeji, Japan. Corpse Reviver, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Tower Records — The now-closed Tower Records store in Manhattan, New York City. Nicolas Marchildon, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Trans World Airlines — The TWA globe-and-twin-lines logo in red.. Jetijonez (English Wikipedia), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Trans World Airlines — TWA Boeing 707 jet airliner in flight. clipperarctic, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Trans World Airlines — Eero Saarinen's TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York. Rainerkruckenberg, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Virginia Company of London — Coat of arms of the Virginia Company of London. MostEpic, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Virginia Company of London — John Smith's 1612 map of Virginia, engraved by William Hole. John Smith / William Hole, 1612; Library of Congress, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Virginia Company of London — 1616 engraved portrait of Pocahontas by Simon van de Passe, made during her visit to England. Simon van de Passe, 1616, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Wang Laboratories — The Wang Laboratories wordmark.. Wang Laboratories, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Wang Laboratories — Wang System 2200 computer, introduced in 1973, photographed 1974. Wang Laboratories, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Wang Laboratories — Former Wang Laboratories headquarters building in Lowell, Massachusetts. CSZero, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Washington Mutual — The Washington Mutual (WaMu) wordmark logo.. Washington Mutual, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Washington Mutual — Washington Mutual Tower (1201 Third Avenue) in Seattle, the company's headquarters, photographed in 2006. Citiman, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Washington Mutual — Entrance to the Washington Savings and Loan Association branch at 810 Second Avenue, Seattle, September 1914 — predecessor to Washington Mutual. Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (MOHAI) (Public domain)
  • Webvan — A Webvan grocery delivery truck photographed in 2005, in the defunct company's livery.. Mark Coggins, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Webvan — Webvan headquarters building in Foster City, California, photographed in September 2001 shortly before the company shut down. Pal Danyi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Webvan — Stack of Webvan reusable plastic delivery tubs, the containers used for grocery deliveries. Binksternet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Welser Company — Coat of arms of the Welser family of Augsburg, drawn by Otto Hupp (1923). Otto Hupp, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Welser Company — 17th-century engraved portrait of Bartholomaeus V. Welser (1484–1561), head of the Welser merchant dynasty. Georg Christoph Eimmart (engraver), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Welser Company — 17th-century portrait of Hieronymus Welser, member of the Augsburg Welser merchant family. Georg Fennitzer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Wirecard — The 2019 Wirecard wordmark; the German payments firm collapsed in fraud in June 2020.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Wirecard — Wirecard AG headquarters building at Einsteinring 35, Aschheim near Munich, photographed in 2019. Leo Molatore, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Wirecard — Wirecard AG headquarters in Aschheim near Munich, February 2019. Kaethe17, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Woolworths (UK) — The Woolworths Group PLC logo of the UK retail chain that closed in January 2009.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Woolworths (UK) — Woolworths storefront on Westgate High Street, Heckmondwike, photographed May 2009 in the chain's final weeks. Betty Longbottom, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Woolworths (UK) — Woolworths Coventry store exterior displaying closing down sale signage, Christmas Eve 2008. E Gammie, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Yukos — The Yukos wordmark logo. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Yukos — Yukos-branded petrol station on Rizhskaya Square, Moscow, photographed May 2007 shortly before the company's final liquidation. A.Savin, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Yukos — Mikhail Khodorkovsky, founder of Yukos, at his first press conference after release from prison, Berlin, December 2013. Mitya Aleshkovskiy, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Fallen Gods

  • Amun — The colossal columns of the Great Hypostyle Hall at the Temple of Amun, Karnak. Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Amun — Bronze statue of the god Amun, Egyptian Late Period (664–332 BCE). Yair-haklai, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Amun — The avenue of ram-headed sphinxes (criosphinxes) at the Temple of Amun, Karnak. Sara Nabih, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Anat — Granite statue of Ramesses II seated beside the war goddess Anat, 19th Dynasty, 13th century BCE, Egyptian Museum, Cairo. A. Parrot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Anat — Cast bronze votive figurine of the goddess Anat, ancient Syria, Walters Art Museum. Anonymous (Syria), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Anat — Bronze figurine of a warrior goddess (Anat type) on lions, ancient Syria, Louvre. Eunostos, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Anu — Middle register of the kudurru boundary stone of Ritti-Marduk, bearing divine emblems including the symbol of the sky-god Anu, Babylonian, 1125–1104 BCE, British Museum. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Anu — Ruins of the White Temple ziggurat dedicated to Anu at Uruk. tobeytravels, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Anu — Reconstruction drawing of the White Temple of Anu at Uruk, c. 3500-3000 BCE. Banister Fletcher (1898), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Anubis — The jackal-headed god Anubis tends the mummy on its lion-headed bier, wall painting from the tomb of Sennedjem (TT1), Deir el-Medina, c. 1300 BCE. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Anubis — The recumbent black jackal of the Anubis Shrine from the tomb of Tutankhamun (JE 61444), Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Mohamed Khalil, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Anubis — Anubis weighs the heart of Hunefer against the feather of Maat, Book of the Dead of Hunefer, c. 1275 BCE, British Museum (EA 9901). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Aphrodite — Roman marble copy of the Aphrodite of Knidos by Praxiteles, the first life-size female nude in Greek sculpture, Palazzo Altemps, Rome. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Aphrodite — The Venus de Milo (Aphrodite of Milos), Hellenistic marble found on Milos in 1820, Musée du Louvre. Shawn Lipowski, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Aphrodite — Ruins of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite at Palaipaphos (Old Paphos), Kouklia, Cyprus — the goddess's principal cult site, closed in 391 CE. Rjdeadly, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Apollo — The Apollo Belvedere, a 2nd-century CE Roman marble of Apollo as an archer, in the Vatican Museums. Livioandronico2013, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Apollo — The standing columns of the ruined Temple of Apollo at Delphi, where the Pythia delivered her oracles. Patar knight, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Apollo — The circular Tholos in the Sanctuary of Athena Pronaia at Delphi, near Apollo's oracle. G41rn8, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Ashur — Limestone relief of the god Ashur as an archer within a winged disc, with the worshipping hands of Ashurnasirpal II at right, Neo-Assyrian, 865–850 BCE, British Museum. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Ashur — Ruins of the ziggurat at the ancient Assyrian capital Assur. Marjon Verburg, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Ashur — Plan of the twin temples and ziggurats of Anu and Adad in the city of Assur. Zunkir, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Astarte — Limestone figurine of a seated goddess on a throne, probably Astarte, from Cyprus, first half of the 6th century BCE, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Faustyna E., CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Astarte — Egyptian New Kingdom depiction of Astarte mounted on a stallion, Fitzwilliam Museum. SpeakingArch, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Astarte — Terracotta vessel from Kition with dove and woman motifs relating to Astarte. Austen Henry Layard, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Athena — The Varvakeion Athena, a Roman marble copy (3rd c. CE) of Pheidias's lost Athena Parthenos, National Archaeological Museum, Athens. After Phidias, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.5)
  • Athena — The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens, the temple built for Athena 447–432 BCE and later converted into a Christian church. Margareths1, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Athena — The Mourning (Pensive) Athena, a Parian marble relief of c. 460 BCE — helmeted Athena leaning on her spear, Acropolis Museum, Athens. CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5)
  • Baal/Hadad — Limestone stele of Baal with a thunderbolt, the storm-god striding with raised arm, from Ugarit, c. 1400–1200 BCE, Louvre Museum. Jastrow, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Baal/Hadad — Basalt statue of the storm-god Hadad with Aramaic inscription (KAI 214), from Gercin near Zincirli, 8th c. BCE. Felix von Luschan et al, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Baal/Hadad — Relief of the Mesopotamian storm-god Ishkur/Adad holding thunderbolts, c. 735 BCE. TYalaA, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Chaac — Ceramic effigy vessel in the form of the Maya rain god Chaac, with his characteristic long curved snout, Post-Classic 1250–1450 CE, National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Chaac — Hook-nosed stone masks of the rain god Chaac on the Pyramid of the Magician, Uxmal, Yucatan. edenpictures, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Chaac — Maya stone Chaac mask from Kabah, Terminal Classic (800-1000 AD), National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Coatlicue — Stone sculpture of Coatlicue, the Aztec earth goddess, wearing a skirt of serpents, from Cozcatlán, National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. José Luiz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Coatlicue — The Aztec earth goddess Coatlicue, the colossal serpent-skirted basalt statue. opheliarossetti, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Coatlicue — Historical photographs of the Aztec Coatlicue (then called Teoyaomiqui) statue, front and side views. William Henry Jackson, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Cybele — Marble statue of the goddess Cybele seated on a throne with a lion at her side, from Formia, c. 60 BCE. ChrisO, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Cybele — Roman marble statue of Cybele wearing a mural crown shaped like city walls, holding a cornucopia, with a lion, c. 50 CE, J. Paul Getty Museum. Marshall Astor, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Cybele — Marble statue of Attis, the consort of Cybele, in Phrygian dress, 2nd century CE, from Hierapolis. Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Dagon — Sandstone stele bearing a Ugaritic cuneiform dedication to the god Dagan, 13th century BCE, from the Temple of Dagan at Ugarit, Louvre Museum. Zunkir, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Dagon — Ruins of the Palace of Zimri-Lim at Mari (Tell Hariri), Syria, cult center of the grain god Dagan, 18th c. BCE. Herbert Frank, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Dagon — Diorite statue of Tura-Dagan, governor of Mari, named for the god Dagan, Old Babylonian period. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Dumuzi / Tammuz — Impression of a cylinder seal, c. 2600–2300 BCE, depicting a scene from the Sumerian myth of Dumuzi the shepherd taken to the underworld. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Dumuzi / Tammuz — Terracotta tablet from Nippur showing the myth of Enkimdu and Dumuzi competing for Inanna's hand, early 2nd millennium BCE. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Dumuzi / Tammuz — Early Dynastic cylinder seal impression inscribed Ama-Ushumgal, a name of Dumuzi, with a bull-man attacking quadrupeds. Unknown artist, photo by Applejuice, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Enki / Ea — Stone water basin from the temple court at Assur, carved with the god Enki flanked by two apkallu in fish-skin garments, Neo-Assyrian, reign of Sennacherib 704–681 BCE, Pergamon Museum, Berlin. Bautsch, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Enki / Ea — Akkadian Adda cylinder seal, c. 2300 BCE, showing the god Ea (Enki) with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders. Nic McPhee, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Enki / Ea — Old Babylonian statue of the god Ea (Enki) enthroned holding a cup, flanked by fish-men, from Nasiriyah, Iraq, 2004-1595 BCE. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Enlil — Baked clay figurine of the god Enlil seated, from the scribal quarter at Nippur, 1800–1600 BCE; Iraq Museum, Baghdad. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Enlil — Ruins of an ancient temple at Naffur (ancient Nippur), Iraq, cult center of the god Enlil. Jasmine N. Walthall, U.S. Army, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Enlil — Kassite-period kudurru boundary stone bearing divine symbols including that of Enlil, 15th-11th century BCE, Iraq Museum. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Ereshkigal — The Burney Relief (the 'Queen of the Night') — a winged goddess with talons standing on lions and flanked by owls, Old Babylonian, 19th–18th century BCE; British Museum. BabelStone, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Ereshkigal — The Burney Relief (Queen of the Night), an Old Babylonian terracotta plaque of a winged goddess flanked by owls and lions, 19th-18th century BCE. BabelStone, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Ereshkigal — Bronze statuette of the Mesopotamian underworld demon Pazuzu, early 1st millennium BCE, Louvre AO 6692. Zunkir, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Eshmun — Votive marble head from the Temple of Eshmun at Bustan el-Sheikh, Lebanon, 4th century BCE; National Museum of Beirut. Elie plus, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Eshmun — The Astarte throne at the Temple of Eshmun, Bustan el-Sheikh, Sidon. Eli+, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Eshmun — Ruins of the Phoenician Temple of Eshmun near Sidon, built in the 7th century BC. BlingBling10, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Horus — The 36-metre first pylon of the Temple of Horus at Edfu, Egypt — one of the best-preserved temples in Egypt, built for Horus under the Ptolemies. Roland Unger, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Horus — Black granite statue of the falcon god Horus wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, at the entrance to the Temple of Edfu. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Horus — Carved relief on the pylon of the Temple of Edfu depicting the falcon god Horus. Steven C. Price, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Huitzilopochtli — Huitzilopochtli holding a turquoise serpent and shield, in a hummingbird helmet, from the Tovar Codex, late 16th century. Juan de Tovar (c. 1546–1626), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Huitzilopochtli — Huitzilopochtli depicted in the 16th-century Codex Telleriano-Remensis. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Huitzilopochtli — Ruins of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan in Mexico City, the temple of Huitzilopochtli. Simon Burchell, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Inanna / Ishtar — Molded-brick relief of a deity pouring life-giving water, from the facade of Inanna's temple at Uruk, c. 1413 BCE; Pergamon Museum, Berlin. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Inanna / Ishtar — The Warka Vase from Uruk, c. 3200-3000 BC, carved with offerings to Inanna, Iraq Museum. Solider 16IQ, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Inanna / Ishtar — A striding lion, sacred to Ishtar/Inanna, on the reconstructed Ishtar Gate processional way, Pergamon Museum. Richard Mortel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Indra — South Indian painting (c. 1820, Thanjavur) of Indra riding his white elephant Airavata, holding the vajra, his body covered in eyes; British Museum. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Indra — Stone sculpture of Indra from Java, 11th century CE, National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Indra — Image of Indra with his hands bound, displayed at Maru Tol, Kathmandu, during the Indra Jatra (Yenya) festival. Uray1130, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Inti — Inti as a sun disk with a human face and radiating flames, from Guaman Poma's chronicle, 1615. Guaman Poma de Ayala, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Inti — The Coricancha (Qorikancha), the Inca Temple of the Sun dedicated to Inti, Cusco. CEllen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Inti — The Intihuatana sun-stone at the Inca site of Pisac, Peru. Unukorno, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Isis — Roman marble statue of the goddess Isis holding a sistrum and a pouring vessel, Hadrianic period, Capitoline Museums, Rome. Marie-Lan Nguyen, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Isis — Bronze statuette of Isis nursing the infant Horus on her lap, ancient Egypt, c. 1070–343 BCE, Metropolitan Museum of Art. CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Isis — The temple of Isis at Philae near Aswan, Egypt — her last functioning major temple, closed under Justinian c. 537 CE. Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Itzamna — The aged Maya creator god Itzamna (God D), painted on a Classic-period ceramic vessel. Unknown Maya artist, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Itzamna — Maya effigy of Itzamna seated on a turtle, Postclassic, Mayapan. Gary Lee Todd, Ph.D., CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Itzamna — Carved limestone sculpture of the Maya god Itzamna, Late Classic, Museo Amparo. Salvador alc, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Ix Chel — The Maya moon goddess Ix Chel pouring water from a vessel, from the Dresden Codex. Dresden Codex (Maya), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ix Chel — Maya depiction of the goddess Ix Chel with a rabbit. Unknown Maya artist, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ix Chel — Classic-period Maya ceramic figure of the goddess Ix Chel. Ymblanter, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Kukulkan — Carved stone serpent head of Kukulkán at the base of El Castillo pyramid, Chichen Itza, Yucatán; c. 9th–12th century CE. ZuyuaT, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Kukulkan — El Castillo, the pyramid of Kukulkan at Chichen Itza. Altairisfar, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Kukulkan — Carved feathered-serpent balustrade at the foot of El Castillo, Chichen Itza. Dennis G. Jarvis, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Lugh — Fragments of the bronze Coligny calendar, a 2nd-century Gaulish lunisolar calendar inscribed with Celtic month names, Gallo-Roman Museum, Lyon. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Lugh — Lugh wielding his magic spear, illustration by H. R. Millar from Charles Squire's Celtic Myth and Legend (1905). Harold Robert Millar, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Lugh — The Gundestrup cauldron, a decorated silver vessel of Celtic religious art (c. 150 BCE–1 CE), National Museum of Denmark. Knud Winckelmann, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Marduk — Mušḫuššu dragon of Marduk in glazed molded brick from the Ishtar Gate of Babylon, 6th century BCE; Pergamon Museum, Berlin. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Marduk — Kudurru (boundary stone) from the reign of Marduk-nadin-ahhe, inscribed in cuneiform, 11th century BCE, British Museum. L. W. King, 1912, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Melqart — Bronze statuette of Melqart, the Phoenician god of Tyre, held at the National Museum of Denmark.. Akrasia25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Melqart — The bilingual Cippi of Melqart reunited on display in Doha. Zugraga, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Melqart — Stela from Amrit depicting Melqart standing on a lion. AlexanderVanLoon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mictlantecuhtli — Ceramic statuette of Mictlantecuhtli, Aztec lord of the dead, held in the British Museum.. Simon Burchell, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Mictlantecuhtli — Large terracotta statue of Mictlantecuhtli from the House of the Eagles, Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan. Arjuno3, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mictlantecuhtli — Sculpture of the Aztec death god Mictlantecuhtli in the Museo del Templo Mayor, Mexico City. José Luiz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mithras — Roman marble relief of Mithras kneeling on a bull and driving a dagger into its neck, flanked by torchbearers, with a dog, serpent and scorpion at the wound. Jastrow, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mithras — Interior of the reconstructed London Mithraeum below Bloomberg's headquarters: low stone temple walls lit in haze, seven metres beneath the modern street. Jim Osley, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Mithras — Roman statue of Mithras emerging from a rock, the petra genetrix, the young god rising naked from the stone. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Moloch — 18th-century German illustration of the idol Moloch, showing the deity with seven chambers or chapels.. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Moloch — 1897 engraving of a child sacrifice to the idol Moloch, from Bible Pictures by Charles Foster. Charles Foster, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Moloch — Punic funerary stelae from the Tophet sacrificial precinct of Carthage, Louvre Museum. Tangopaso, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mot — Cuneiform clay tablets from Ugarit (Louvre AO16641-AO16642) recording the Baal Cycle, in which Mot, Canaanite god of death, slays Baal.. Rama, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0 fr)
  • Mot — Stone palace entrance and corbel at the ruins of Ugarit (Ras Shamra), Syria. Disdero, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Mot — Entrance to the archaeological site of Ugarit (Ras Shamra), north of Latakia, Syria. Mbenoist, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Nabu — Colossal limestone statue of Nabu, Mesopotamian god of writing and wisdom, 8th century BCE, from Nimrud, now in the Iraq Museum.. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Nabu — Ruins of the ziggurat and Ezida temple of the god Nabu at Borsippa (Birs Nimrud), Iraq. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Nabu — Stele detail showing the stylus symbol of the god Nabu beside Marduk's symbol, 8th century BCE, Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Nergal — Stone relief carving of Nergal, Mesopotamian god of death and plague, from the ancient Parthian city of Hatra, Iraq.. Unknown ancient Hatran relief sculptor, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Nergal — Mesopotamian cylinder seal and modern impression depicting Nergal, god of plague. Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Nergal — Old-Babylonian fired clay plaque bearing the symbol of Nergal, from Nippur, Iraq. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Nethuns — Engraved Etruscan bronze mirror from Tuscania showing Nethuns alongside Usil and Thesan, in the Vatican Museums.. Nancy T. de Grummond, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Nethuns — Etruscan bronze mirror from Tuscania depicting the water god Nethuns with Usil and Thesan. Nancy T. de Grummond, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Ninhursag — Sumerian clay tablet (Penn Museum CBS4561) inscribed with the myth of Enki and Ninhursag, from Nippur, c. 1900-1600 BCE.. Onceinawhile (talk · contribs), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Ninhursag — Copper-alloy bull figure from the temple of Ninhursag at Tell al-Ubaid. Unknown artist, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Ninhursag — Lion head ornament from the temple of Ninhursag at Tell al-Ubaid. Unknown artist, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Odin — An 18th-century Icelandic manuscript illustration of Odin with his ravens Huginn and Muninn. Ólafur Brynjúlfsson, c. 1760 (Royal Danish Library), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Odin — Detail of the 12th-century Skog church tapestry showing Odin, Thor, and Freyr. Unknown photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Odin — Ledberg runestone (Ög 181) from Östergötland, Sweden, bearing a carved Odin figure. Phlanx, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Osiris — The weighing of the heart before Osiris, from the Papyrus of Hunefer, c. 1275 BCE, British Museum. Papyrus of Hunefer, c. 1275 BCE (British Museum), CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Osiris — Osiris depicted on the wall of Queen Nefertari's tomb (QV66), Valley of the Queens, Egypt. mursal, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Osiris — Wall painting of Pharaoh Seti I presenting offerings before Osiris, from KV17, Valley of the Kings; Neues Museum, Berlin. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Perkūnas — Perkūnas, the Baltic thunder god, in a 1909 symbolist painting by Lithuanian artist Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Perkūnas — The three chief Old Prussian gods — Patrimpas, Perkūnas, and Peckols — in a 1584 woodcut illustration by Caspar Hennenberger. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Perkūnas — A sculptural depiction of Perkūnas, the Lithuanian thunder god, at Kernavė, Lithuania. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Perun — The Zbruch Idol, a 9th-century Slavic stone pillar carved with deities, including a figure identified with Perun. From E. H. Lewinski-Corwin, The Political History of Poland (1917), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Perun — Slavic pagan artifacts including an Oak of Perun idol and aurochs horn (9th–10th century), Museum of History of Kyiv. AnatolyPm, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Poseidon — The marble Doric columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion, built 444–440 BCE, standing on the cliff above the Aegean Sea. Nikthestoned, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Poseidon — Larger-than-life Parian marble statue of Poseidon found on Milos (c. 125–100 BCE), National Archaeological Museum of Athens. George E. Koronaios, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Poseidon — Roman floor mosaic of Neptune (Poseidon) from the Baths of Neptune at Ostia Antica. Rico Heil, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Quetzalcoatl — Depiction of the Aztec feathered-serpent god Quetzalcoatl from the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, a 16th-century manuscript.. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Quetzalcoatl — Feathered serpent heads on the facade of the Temple of Quetzalcoatl at Teotihuacan. Rosemania, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Quetzalcoatl — Page 56 of the pre-Columbian Codex Borgia depicting Quetzalcoatl. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Quirinus — Roman silver denarius, 126 BCE, showing the flamen Quirinalis seated holding apex and spear, with a shield inscribed QVIRIN — the priesthood of Quirinus. Classical Numismatic Group (CNG), CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5)
  • Quirinus — Roman denarius of C. Memmius, 56 BCE, obverse a laureate bearded head of Quirinus (identified with Romulus). Classical Numismatic Group (CNG), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Quirinus — Facade of the Quirinal Palace on the Quirinal Hill, Rome — the hill named for the god Quirinus, the palace now the residence of Italy's president. Bernardo Marchetti, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Ra — Wall painting of the falcon-headed sun god Ra enthroned, from the Tomb of Roy, c. 1300 BCE. Ancient Egyptian artist, c. 1300 BCE (Tomb of Roy), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ra — Ancient Egyptian vignette showing Nun lifting the solar barque of Ra at the beginning of time. Original author unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ra — Re-Harakhty and the goddess Amentit, wall painting from the tomb of Nefertari (QV66), c. 1298–1235 BCE. Ancient Egyptian artist (tomb of Nefertari), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Shamash / Utu — Relief on the Tablet of Shamash (9th century BCE, British Museum), showing the Babylonian sun god enthroned before King Nabu-apla-iddina; found at Sippar.. Prioryman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Shamash / Utu — Upper relief of the Code of Hammurabi stele showing the sun god Shamash giving the laws to King Hammurabi, Louvre. Mbzt, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Shamash / Utu — Limestone cylinder seal depicting the worship of the sun god Shamash, Mesopotamia, Louvre. Unknown artist, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Sun Goddess of Arinna — Hittite bronze figurine of a goddess and child, identified with the Sun Goddess of Arinna, 15th-13th century BCE, Metropolitan Museum of Art.. PHGCOM, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Sun Goddess of Arinna — Bronze sun-disc ceremonial standard from Alacahöyük, Early Bronze Age, associated with the Anatolian sun cult. Harald the Bard, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Sun Goddess of Arinna — Bronze ceremonial sun-disc standard with stag and bulls from Alacahöyük, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Tanit — Stone stele depicting the Punic goddess Tanit, ancient Carthaginian artifact, Bardo National Museum, Tunis.. Juanan (Wikimedia Commons), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tanit — Punic stele carved with a palm and the sign of Tanit, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon. Rama, CC BY-SA 2.0 FR, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0 fr)
  • Tanit — Carthaginian stele decorated with the sign of Tanit, Louvre Near Eastern antiquities. Shonagon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Tarhunz — Basalt relief from Aslantepe showing a king pouring a libation to the Luwian storm god Tarhunz in two poses, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara.. Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Tarhunz — Ivriz rock relief showing the Luwian storm god Tarhunz holding grapes and grain before King Warpalawas. Mark Landon, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Tarhunz — Neo-Hittite Stela of Arsuz inscribed to the storm god Tarhunza, Antakya Archaeological Museum. Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Teshub — Basalt relief depicting the storm god Teshub, Neo-Hittite, from Carchemish, British Museum.. Unknown artist, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Teshub — Rock relief of the storm god Teshub at the Hittite sanctuary of Yazılıkaya. Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Teshub — Relief of the storm god from the Temple of the Weather God in the Aleppo Citadel. Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Tezcatlipoca — The black god Tezcatlipoca as depicted in the Codex Borgia, a pre-Columbian Aztec manuscript.. Unknown author, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Tezcatlipoca — Turquoise mosaic mask over a human skull, linked to Tezcatlipoca, British Museum. Simon Burchell, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Tezcatlipoca — Aztec stone feathered coyote sculpture associated with Tezcatlipoca, National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Thor — Mårten Eskil Winge's 1872 painting 'Thor's Fight with the Giants': a red-bearded Thor in a goat-drawn chariot hurls his hammer through storm clouds. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Thor — A Viking-Age Thor's-hammer (Mjölnir) pendant in gold and silver filigree, the commonest pagan amulet of the age, Swedish History Museum. Gabriel Hildebrand / Swedish History Museum, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.5)
  • Thor — The Eyrarland statue, a small bronze figure of a seated Thor gripping his hammer, made c. 1000 CE, found near Akureyri, Iceland. Wolfgang Sauber, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Tiamat — Engraving of Marduk slaying Tiamat, the dragon of primeval chaos, from Sacred Books of the East: Babylonia and Assyria, 1907.. Prof. Charles F. Horne, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tiamat — Mushhushshu dragon panel from the Ishtar Gate of Babylon, Pergamon Museum. Neoclassicism Enthusiast, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Tinia — Etruscan black-figure amphora showing a procession of Tinia and other deities, c. 520-510 BCE, Martin von Wagner Museum, Wuerzburg.. Daderot, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tinia — Etruscan bronze statuette of the sky god Tinia, late 5th century BC. Dorieo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Tinia — Engraved Etruscan bronze mirror depicting Tinia with Uni, Hercle, Menrva, Turan and Mean. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tlaloc — Glyph of the Aztec rain and thunder god Tlaloc, after the Codex Magliabechiano.. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tlaloc — Colossal stone monolith of Tlaloc outside the National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. Jaontiveros, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Tlaloc — Aztec blue ceramic effigy jar depicting the rain god Tlaloc. Arjuno3, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Viracocha — The Gateway of the Sun at Tiwanaku, Bolivia; the central 'Staff God' relief above the doorway is widely identified with the creator god Viracocha. Bgabel, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Viracocha — The Ponce Monolith, a carved anthropomorphic stela at Tiwanaku, Bolivia. P. Hughes (User:Indies1), CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Viracocha — The Bennett Monolith, the largest carved stone stela of the Tiwanaku culture. Sodacan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Voltumna — Excavations at Rocca dei Papi, Montefiascone, one of the proposed sites of the Fanum Voltumnae, central sanctuary of the Etruscan league.. Robin Rönnlund, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Voltumna — Etruscan terracotta acroterion of a goddess unveiling, excavated at Campo della Fiera (Fanum Voltumnae), Orvieto, c. 470 BC. Sailko, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Voltumna — Etruscan terracotta antefix excavated at Campo della Fiera (Fanum Voltumnae), Orvieto, 4th century BC. Sailko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Xipe Totec — Pendant-mask associated with rituals of Xipe Totec, Aztec god of agriculture and renewal, Valley of Mexico, Louvre Museum.. Marie-Lan Nguyen, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Xipe Totec — Aztec stone statue of Xipe Totec, the Flayed Lord. Arjuno3, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Xipe Totec — Xipe Totec depicted in the pre-Columbian Codex Borgia. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Zeus — Marble head of Zeus (the 'Zeus of Otricoli'), a Roman copy after a 4th-century BCE Greek original, Vatican Museums. Marble, Roman copy after a Greek original; photo Jastrow, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Zeus — Bronze statue of Zeus (or Poseidon) recovered from Cape Artemision, c. 460 BC, National Archaeological Museum Athens. Jebulon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Zeus — Fallen column drums and ruins at the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece. Wknight94, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Dead Languages

  • Aka-Bo — A map of the languages of the Andaman Islands at British contact. Talasais Republike, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Aka-Bo — 19th-century photograph of Great Andamanese women, the language community to which Boa Sr. (last Bo/aka-bo speaker) belonged. Maurice Vidal Portman, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Akkadian — Cuneiform inscription on the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, in Akkadian, c. 2254-2218 BCE, Louvre.. Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0 fr)
  • Akkadian — Amarna letter in Akkadian cuneiform from Tushratta of Mitanni to Pharaoh Amenhotep III, c. 1370 BCE, Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Beothuk — Map of the territory of the Beothuk language across Newfoundland before its extinction.. ish ishwar (English Wikipedia), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Beothuk — Sketch by Shanawdithit (last known Beothuk) depicting the 1819 capture of Demasduit by British soldiers. Shanawdithit (Nancy April), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Chitimacha — Map of the historical range of the Chitimacha language in southern Louisiana. Unknown author, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Chitimacha — Chitimacha double-woven basket tray, accessioned 1902, Peabody Museum Harvard University. Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Crimean Gothic — Map of Old Norse and related Germanic languages c. 900 CE, with the Crimean Gothic area marked on the Crimean Peninsula.. Wiglaf (English Wikipedia), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Cumbric — Map of the Hen Ogledd, the Brittonic-speaking kingdoms of northern Britain where Cumbric was spoken. Pickled Pigeon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Cumbric — West face of the 7th-century Bewcastle Cross, Cumbria — early medieval inscribed monument in the former Cumbric-speaking region. Kognos, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Dalmatian — A map of where Dalmatian was spoken along the Adriatic coast. Bogdan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Dalmatian — Aerial view of Krk town on the island of Krk, Croatia — home of Antonio Udaina, the last speaker of the Dalmatian language. Arne Müseler, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0 de)
  • Etruscan — The Pyrgi Tablets, three inscribed gold laminae in Etruscan and Phoenician, c. 500 BCE, Museo di Villa Giulia, Rome.. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Etruscan — Section of the Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis — the only extant Etruscan linen book, used as mummy wrappings, Zagreb Archaeological Museum. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Eyak — Cordova, Alaska, on the Copper River delta — the Eyak homeland. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Eyak — Eyak quiver made of tendons, porcupine quills and wood, collected in Alaska, Museo de América, Madrid. Dorieo (Jerónimo Roure Pérez), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Gafat — A language map of Ethiopia showing the Ethio-Semitic languages, including the Blue Nile region where Gafat was spoken. U.S. Library of Congress; SVG by Stefan-Xp, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Gaulish — Close-up of the Coligny Calendar, a bronze tablet inscribed in Gaulish, 1st-2nd century CE, Gallo-Roman Museum, Lyon.. NantonosAedui, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5)
  • Gaulish — Gaulish lead curse tablet (defixio) from the source of the Roches, 1st century CE, Bargoin Museum, Clermont-Ferrand. Unknown author, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Gothic — An open spread of the Codex Argenteus, the 6th-century Gothic Bible written in silver ink on purple parchment, Uppsala University Library.. Magnus Hjalmarsson, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Gothic — Detail of the Codex Argenteus showing Gothic script with abbreviated sacred name, from Matthew 5:34. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Hittite — A Hittite cuneiform clay tablet, Late Bronze Age, Oriental Institute, Chicago.. Mx. Granger, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Hittite — Hittite cuneiform tablet inscribed with the Deeds of Suppiluliuma I, from Hattusa (Bogazköy). Didia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Hurrian — A Hurrian cuneiform clay tablet (AO 12016), 13th century BCE, from Ugarit, Louvre.. Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0 fr)
  • Hurrian — Hurrian foundation peg and stone tablet from ancient Urkesh, 21st century BC, Louvre museum. Unknown author, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Jurchen — A silver paizi authority plaque inscribed in Jurchen script, Jin dynasty, found at Shaigino in Primorsky Krai, Russia. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Jurchen — Rubbing of a Jin dynasty bilingual stele from 1224 CE in Jurchen script, Kaifeng Museum. Stephen Wootton Bushell (1844–1908), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Kamassian — Map of the historical range of the Sayan Samoyedic languages, including Kamassian, in southern Siberia. Rantanen et al. 2022, Geographical Database of the Uralic Languages, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Kamassian — Buiba Valley in the Ergaki Range, Western Sayan Mountains, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia — the Sayan region homeland of Kamassian-speaking Samoyed peoples. Vyacheslav Argenberg, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Klallam — Hazel Sampson, the last first-language speaker of Klallam. Neddy1234 at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Klallam — Port Angeles Harbor on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington — the principal town of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe's homeland. Doug Wilson / U.S. EPA (DOCUMERICA), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Knaanic — A medieval Polish silver bracteate coin with a Hebrew-letter inscription, minted under a Polish duke after 1181; Münzkabinett, Berlin. Reinhard Saczewski, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Kwadi — A diagram of the relationships among the southern African 'click' language families, showing Kwadi's position in the Khoe-Kwadi branch. Joe Roe, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Kwadi — Early 18th-century drawing of Khoikhoi people with cattle at the Cape of Good Hope, among the earliest depictions of the Khoe-Kwadi peoples. Unidentified Dutch artist, c. 1700, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Kw'adza — Map of the Afroasiatic languages, showing the South Cushitic family of central Tanzania where Kw'adza was spoken. Noahedits, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Kw'adza — Natural stone pillars at Isimila, near Iringa in central Tanzania — the region where Kwadza was spoken before its extinction. Shah Mjanja, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mbabaram — Map of the Northeast Pama-Nyungan languages of north Queensland, the region where Mbabaram was spoken. Davius, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Mbabaram — Rainforest ecologist Geoff Tracey at the edge of vine forest on the Atherton Tableland, north Queensland, November 1954 — homeland of the Mbabaram people. Leonard James Webb, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Meroitic — A Meroitic inscription from Meroe in the cursive Meroitic script, 1st century CE, State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich.. Rufus46, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Meroitic — Sandstone block with Meroitic hieroglyphic relief from a pyramid chapel at Meroe, 3rd century BCE, Archaeological Museum of Bologna. Khruner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mohegan-Pequot — Portrait of Fidelia Fielding, the last fluent speaker of Mohegan-Pequot, before 1908. Unknown photographer (before 1908), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mohegan-Pequot — Witch hazel broom made by the Mohegan tribe, Connecticut Museum of Natural History. Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Moriori — A rākau momori — a Moriori figure carved into the trunk of a living kōpi tree on the Chatham Islands. T Reid (Royston Vasey), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Moriori — Portrait photograph of a Moriori man, Chatham Islands, c. 1900, Canterbury Museum. E Cornford, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mozarabic — Map of the Iberian Peninsula around 1000 CE, with Muslim al-Andalus to the south and the Christian kingdoms to the north. Scratchinghead, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Mozarabic — Folio 174v of the Morgan Beatus (Pierpont Morgan Library), illuminated by the Mozarabic scribe Maius, c. 940–945 CE. Maius, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Natchez — The main platform mound at the Grand Village of the Natchez, Mississippi. Herb Roe (Heironymous Rowe), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Natchez — Illustration of a Natchez warrior in summer dress, from Histoire de la Louisiane by Le Page du Pratz, 1758. Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Norn — Map of Orkney and Shetland, the islands where Norn was spoken. Fobos92, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Norn — Norse runic inscriptions carved inside the Maeshowe chambered cairn, Orkney — written in Old Norse, the ancestor of Norn. Islandhopper, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.5)
  • Old Nubian — A parchment page of the Liber Institutionis Michaelis Archangeli, written in Old Nubian, 9th–10th century CE, from Qasr Ibrim; British Museum EA 71305. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Old Nubian — 11th-century Nativity fresco from Faras Cathedral, Nubia, now in the Sudan National Museum, Khartoum. Isma'il Kushkush, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Old Prussian — A page from the Old Prussian Catechism printed in Koenigsberg in 1545, one of only three surviving Old Prussian texts.. Hans Weinreich, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Old Prussian — Map of Old Prussian tribal clans in the 13th century, showing Galindians, Sudovians, and related Baltic peoples. Renata3, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Oscan — An Oscan inscribed tablet in the British Museum. Jononmac46, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Oscan — 2nd-century BC tufa altar bearing an Oscan inscription by magistrate Maras Atinius, from the sanctuary of Sant'Abbondio near Pompeii. MumblerJamie, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Phoenician / Punic — The Phoenician inscription on the Ahiram sarcophagus, c. 1000 BCE, one of the earliest examples of the Phoenician alphabet, National Museum of Beirut.. Onceinawhile, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Phoenician / Punic — Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, king of Sidon, 5th century BCE; the lid bears the longest known Phoenician inscription from the Persian period, Louvre. Eric Chan from Hollywood, United States, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Polabian — Map of the territory of the Polabian Slavs between the Elbe and Oder. JanKub, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Polabian — First page of the Vocabularium Venedicum by Christian Hennig, the primary surviving written record of the Polabian language, 18th century. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Sogdian — A Sogdian-language contract for the purchase of a slave, written in 639 CE, found at Astana near Turfan. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Sogdian — Rubbing of the Sogdian-Chinese bilingual epitaph of sa-pao Wirkak, written in Sogdian script, c. 580 CE. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Sumerian — A Sumerian cuneiform stone tablet (AO 3866), inscribed in the Sumerian language, Louvre.. Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Sumerian — A Sumerian cuneiform clay tablet, Third Dynasty of Ur. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Sumerian — The War panel of the Standard of Ur, a Sumerian mosaic, c. 2600 BCE, British Museum. LeastCommonAncestor, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Taino — Map of the Taino and related Arawak peoples across the Antilles at the time of Spanish contact in the late 15th century.. Yavidaxiu, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Taino — Taíno wooden zemí deity figure, circa 1000 CE, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Tangut — A gold-ink page of the Golden Light Sutra in Tangut script, Western Xia dynasty (11th-13th century CE).. BabelStone, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tangut — Rubbing of the Tangut-script text on the 1094 Liangzhou Stele, Wuwei, Gansu. Gabriel Devéria (1844–1899), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tasmanian languages — A linguistic map of Tasmania showing the Aboriginal language groups across the island at European contact.. Kwamikagami (English Wikipedia), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Tasmanian languages — Portrait photograph of Fanny Cochrane Smith, last known speaker of a Tasmanian Aboriginal language. Allport Library and Museum of Fine Arts, State Library of Tasmania, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tocharian — A Tocharian B manuscript fragment in Brahmi script from Kucha, Tarim Basin, British Library.. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tocharian — Wall painting of Tocharian princes as donors, Cave of the Sixteen Sword-Bearers, Kizil Caves, Tarim Basin, carbon-14 dated 432–538 CE. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tunica — Map of native languages historically spoken in Louisiana, including Tunica on the lower Mississippi. Wikipedia contributors, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Ubykh — The gravestone of Tevfik Esenç, the last fluent speaker of Ubykh. Rhona Fenwick, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Ubykh — Group portrait of Ubykh people, 1864, State Historical Museum, Moscow. Unknown author, possibly General Staff of the Caucasian Army, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ugaritic — A clay tablet of the Baal epic in the Ugaritic cuneiform alphabet (AO 16640), 14th-13th century BCE, from Ras Shamra, Louvre.. Rama, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0 fr)
  • Ugaritic — Bronze adze (AO 11611) bearing a Ugaritic cuneiform inscription. Enlil2, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.5)
  • Wappo — Map of the Wappo language territory in the Alexander Valley and Clear Lake area of northern California. Marpell; ishwar, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Wappo — Wappo coiled sedge-and-bead gift bowl, late 19th–early 20th century, Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland Museum of Art, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Yaghan — Cristina Calderón, the last fluent speaker of Yaghan. Victor Alejandro Correa Rueda, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Yaghan — Photograph of Yamana (Yaghan) women, Tierra del Fuego, 1882. Marco Antonio Cortes Valencia (macv), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Yola — Map of the baronies of County Wexford, showing Forth and Bargy where Yola was spoken. Patrick Weston Joyce, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Yola — Folk tale transcribed by Jacob Poole in the Yola language of Forth and Bargy, from his manuscript Glossary of Yola. Jacob Poole, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Zarphatic — An illuminated page of the North French Hebrew Miscellany, a Hebrew manuscript made in northern France around 1278. Binyamin Hasofer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Zarphatic — Folio from the Mahzor Vitry, a Hebrew liturgical manuscript produced in France in 1204, Jewish Theological Seminary MS 8092. Simcha ben Samuel of Vitry, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)

Lost Technology

  • Adobe Flash Player — The Adobe Flash Player logo, the stylized red and white lowercase 'f' mark.. Adobe, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Adobe Flash Player — Screenshot of the Adobe Flash Professional CS6 authoring environment with its stage, timeline, and tool panels. יִרְדֵּן כּרְמִי, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Adobe Flash Player — A web page blocked by a large black 'Please install Adobe Flash Player' prompt in Firefox. ANordal, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Advanced Photo System — Several APS (IX240) film cartridges in their small cylindrical casings.. Nxr-at, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Advanced Photo System — Canon IXUS Advanced Photo System (APS) compact camera. John Nuttall, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Advanced Photo System — Nikon Pronea S, an Advanced Photo System (APS) SLR camera. Rama, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0 fr)
  • Al-Jazari's Automata — A medieval manuscript illumination of al-Jazari's Elephant Clock, Syrian, c. 1315. Syrian painter, c. 1315 (Metropolitan Museum of Art), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Al-Jazari's Automata — Modern reconstruction of al-Jazari's water-raising machine on exhibit in Diyarbakır. Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Al-Jazari's Automata — Manuscript folio depicting al-Jazari's scribe candle clock automaton. Unknown artist, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Antikythera Mechanism — A modern reconstruction of the front panel of the Antikythera mechanism, showing the geared display dials. Mogi Vicentini, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.5)
  • The Antikythera Mechanism — The corroded original bronze fragments (B, A and C) of the Antikythera mechanism. Therese Clutario, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Antikythera Mechanism — Main corroded fragment of the original Antikythera mechanism at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Marsyas, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.5)
  • The Argand Lamp — A gilt-bronze Argand lamp of about 1835 with its circular-wick burner, glass chimney, and overhead oil reservoir. Messenger Company, c.1835–40; Metropolitan Museum of Art, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Argand Lamp — Period print of Ami Argand's burner with hollow circular wick and glass chimney, from Figuier's Les Merveilles de la science, 1867. Louis Figuier, Les Merveilles de la science (1867-1869), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Argand Lamp — Antique metal Argand oil lamp in the Metropolitan Museum of Art collection. Messenger Company, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (Metropolitan Museum of Art) (CC0)
  • Aztec Featherwork — The feather headdress attributed to Moctezuma II, c. 1515, built from over 450 resplendent quetzal tail feathers and feather mosaic, held at the Weltmuseum Wien, Vienna. Richard Mortel, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Aztec Featherwork — Aztec feather-mosaic shield (chimalli) depicting a plumed coyote, c. 1500, Weltmuseum Vienna. Richard Mortel, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Aztec Featherwork — Page from Book 9 of the Florentine Codex (1577) on Aztec feather-work, amantecayotl. Bernardino de Sahagún, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Backstaff — A 1765 Davis quadrant (backstaff) in ebony, boxwood, and glass by Johannes van Keulen, held at the Musée national de la Marine, Paris. Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0 fr)
  • The Backstaff — Period diagram of John Davis's backstaff from The Seaman's Secret showing the instrument's frame. John Davis, The Seamans Secret, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Backstaff — English Davis quadrant (backstaff) in brass and boxwood, c. 1700-1725, Royal Ontario Museum. Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (Royal Ontario Museum) (CC0)
  • Betamax — A Sony Betamax videocassette, the format that lost the home-video war to VHS.. Echtner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Betamax — Sony Betamax C7 video cassette recorder deck. Bettenburg at German Wikipedia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Betamax — Sony SL-F1 Betamax portable recorder with camera, an early Betamax camcorder setup. Colin99, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The BlackBerry — A BlackBerry KEYone smartphone, showing the brand's signature physical QWERTY keyboard below the touchscreen.. Steven H. Keys, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • The BlackBerry — BlackBerry Electron 8707v showing the classic full QWERTY keyboard. Imageuploader2614, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The BlackBerry — Early RIM BlackBerry R957M pager-style device from 2000. rfdigitalwpg, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Bulletin Board System — The text-based main menu of a dial-up bulletin board system shown on a terminal.. Warrenlead, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Bulletin Board System — Renegade BBS Waiting-for-Caller SysOp screen showing system statistics. Renegadebbs, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Bulletin Board System — Vintage 2400 baud dial-up modem from the late 1970s or early 1980s. Adamantios, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Car Phone — A Bosch CarTel T cellular car telephone handset (a rebadged Motorola International 1000) from the early GSM era.. Bohdan Bazooka, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Car Phone — 1964 Motorola TLD-1100 car telephone unit on museum display. Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Car Phone — Motorola 4500X 1980s mobile car phone handset. Garry Knight, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Cathode-Ray Tube Television — A vintage console cathode-ray-tube television set.. Stefan Kühn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Cathode-Ray Tube Television — Ferdinand Braun's original 1897 cathode ray tube, the first CRT. Eugen Nesper, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Cathode-Ray Tube Television — Cutaway cross section of a CRT display showing the electron gun and glass envelope. DogsRNice, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • CED VideoDisc — An RCA SelectaVision CED VideoDisc in its protective plastic caddy.. Tião d'Gás, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • CED VideoDisc — RCA SelectaVision SGT-100 CED VideoDisc player. Logg Tandy, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • CED VideoDisc — A bare CED VideoDisc removed from its caddy. Athnex at English Wikipedia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Clipper Ship — Painting of the American clipper ship Flying Cloud under full sail at sea, by Antonio Jacobsen, 1913. Antonio Jacobsen, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Clipper Ship — 1924 painting of the clipper Cutty Sark moored in Falmouth harbour. Henry Scott Tuke, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Clipper Ship — The preserved clipper ship Cutty Sark in Greenwich, England. DiscoA340, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Compact Cassette — A Compact Cassette audio tape shown beside a DAT cassette, illustrating the magnetic tape format.. Inpriva, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Compact Cassette — A Yamaha K-300 cassette deck from 1983 with a cassette loaded. Hannes Grobe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Compact Cassette — A wall of stacked compact cassette tapes. Scott Schiller, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Concorde — British Airways Concorde G-BOAC in flight. Eduard Marmet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Concorde — Concorde flight-deck cockpit on display at the Museum of Flight, Seattle. Daniel Schwen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Corinthian Bronze — A Corinthian-type bronze helmet (National Archaeological Museum, Athens) — the finest surviving ancient Greek bronzework, though not the lost Corinthian alloy itself. Jebulon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Corinthian Bronze — The Riace Bronzes, ancient Greek bronze warrior statues. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Corinthian Bronze — Ruins of the Temple of Apollo at ancient Corinth. Ixnay, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Daguerreotype — A daguerreotype portrait of Louis Daguerre, inventor of the process, on a silvered plate.. Charles Richard Meade, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Daguerreotype — Boulevard du Temple, Paris, 1838 — one of the earliest daguerreotypes showing a person. Louis Daguerre, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Daguerreotype — Susse Frères daguerreotype camera, 1839 — one of the first commercially produced cameras. Liudmila & Nelson, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Daisy-Wheel Printer — A daisy wheel printer with its cover open, showing the print mechanism and the daisy wheel character element.. Wikidevnl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Daisy-Wheel Printer — Close-up of a daisy wheel print element showing the spokes with character glyphs. DMGualtieri, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Daisy-Wheel Printer — A full daisy wheel printer. Wikidevnl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Digital Audio Tape — An Aiwa DAT recorder beside a Sony Digital Audio Tape cassette.. Kippelboy, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Digital Audio Tape — Sony DTC-1500ES Digital Audio Tape deck. Celularistov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Digital Audio Tape — A Digital Audio Tape cassette. JuneAugust, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Dial-Up Modem — An external 33.6 kbps serial dial-up modem with status indicator lights.. Frunze103, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Dial-Up Modem — US Robotics Courier 2400 external dial-up modem, powered on. Jonathan Schilling, edited by Pittigrilli, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Dial-Up Modem — Internal PCI 56K fax modem card. X-Javier, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Digital Compact Cassette — The front face of a Digital Compact Cassette (DCC) tape.. Paul Forsdick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Digital Compact Cassette — Philips DCC130 portable Digital Compact Cassette player in a museum collection. Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Digital Compact Cassette — Philips Digital Compact Cassette with its protective cover opened, showing the tape. DigiAndi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Discman (portable CD player) — A Sony Discman portable CD player (model D-E307CK), showing the circular disc lid and playback controls.. Mikus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Discman (portable CD player) — Sony D-50 MK II, an early Sony portable CD Discman player. JuneAugust, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Discman (portable CD player) — Sony Discman D-E206CK shown from the top with the lid open. Dillan Payne (PascalHD), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Dumb Terminal — A DEC VT100 video display terminal with its cream case, keyboard and CRT.. Jason Scott, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Dumb Terminal — IBM 3277 Model 2 mainframe display terminal. Spitzak, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Dumb Terminal — Wyse WY-60 video display terminal, front view. Patrick Finnegan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The 8-Track Tape — An 8-track tape cartridge, the bulky plastic magnetic-tape music format of the 1960s and 1970s.. Erkaha, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The 8-Track Tape — Inside of an 8-track tape cartridge showing the single tape reel mechanism. User Isis on en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The 8-Track Tape — 1966 Billboard advertisement for the Lear Jet Stereo 8 cartridge player for car and home. Lear Jet Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Floppy Disk — A 3.5-inch floppy disk. Unknown, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Floppy Disk — 8-inch, 5.25-inch and 3.5-inch floppy disks side by side showing the format evolution. Michael Holley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Floppy Disk — A 3.5-inch floppy disk being inserted into a computer's disk drive. Peter Michner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Game Boy — The original Nintendo Game Boy handheld console in grey, with D-pad, A/B buttons and a monochrome LCD screen.. Evan-Amos, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Game Boy — Nintendo Game Boy handheld console with a Tetris cartridge. Studio Alijn, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Game Boy — The Game Boy Color, the 1998 color-screen successor to the original Game Boy. Evan-Amos, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Google Glass — Google Glass Explorer Edition smart glasses, showing the small prism display above the right lens.. Mikepanhu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Google Glass — A person wearing Google Glass Explorer Edition. Loïc Le Meur, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Google Glass — Google Glass augmented-reality head-mounted display, Explorer Edition. Ted Eytan, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Greek Fire — A Byzantine fire-ship deploying Greek fire against an enemy fleet, from the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript (c. 1150 CE). Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Greek Fire — Medieval illumination showing a Byzantine hand-siphon (cheirosiphon) portable flamethrower used from a siege tower. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • HD DVD — An HD DVD case beside a Blu-ray case, the two rival high-definition optical disc formats side by side.. Jason Curtis, Museum of Obsolete Media, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • HD DVD — Close-up of the disc drive of a Toshiba HD-EP30 HD DVD player. William Hook, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • HD DVD — The Xbox 360 HD DVD add-on drive, released 2006 and discontinued after the format war. Evan-Amos, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Heliograph — An 1898 American military heliograph — a mirror and shutter on a tripod for signalling by flashes of sunlight. MacChess (scan), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Heliograph — A U.S. Forest Service signaller using a heliograph, Umpqua National Forest, c.1910. Forest Service, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Internet Explorer — The Internet Explorer logo: a blue lowercase 'e' wrapped by a golden orbital ring.. Microsoft, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Internet Explorer — Internet Explorer 6 on Windows XP displaying the Wikipedia home page. Mardus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Internet Explorer — Internet Explorer 6.0 browser window running on Windows 2000. Sadik Khalid, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The iPod — A white Apple iPod classic (5th generation) with the circular click wheel and colour LCD screen.. Evan-Amos, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The iPod — Original first-generation 2001 Apple iPod with mechanical scroll wheel. Photographer, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.5)
  • The iPod — Apple iPod nano, 3rd generation. Jayden Montes, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Judean Balsam — Botanical illustration of Commiphora opobalsamum, the plant believed to be the source of the ancient Judean balsam. Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Judean Balsam — Commiphora gileadensis, the balsam plant of ancient Judea, in cultivation. Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Judean Balsam — Foliage and stems of Commiphora gileadensis, source of the prized Judean balsam. Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Ketoret — the Temple Incense — Relief from the Arch of Titus, Rome, depicting the Temple menorah being carried off after the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ketoret — the Temple Incense — The Israelite shrine with incense altars at Tel Arad. Chamberi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Ketoret — the Temple Incense — Pieces of frankincense resin, an ingredient of Temple incense. Gaius Cornelius, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Khipu — An Inca khipu (quipu) — a knotted-cord recording device from the Tiwanaku culture, now in a German museum. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Khipu — Inca quipu (khipu) knotted cords on display at the Larco Museum, Lima. bobistraveling, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Khipu — Guaman Poma drawing of a quipucamayoc holding a khipu, c. 1615. Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • LaserDisc — A 12-inch silver LaserDisc optical video disc, far larger than a standard DVD.. Windell Oskay, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • LaserDisc — Pioneer CLD-1030 LaserDisc player with open tray and disc loaded. Dillan Payne (PascalHD), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • LaserDisc — Pioneer CLD-D925 LaserDisc player. Hoikka1, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Limelight — A cross-section diagram of a limelight burner, showing the block of quicklime heated by an oxyhydrogen flame in front of a reflector. Theresa Knott / Pbroks13, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5)
  • Limelight — A 19th-century limelight apparatus from the collection of the Stadsschouwburg Brugge theatre. Beireke1, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Limelight — A homemade limelight, calcium hydroxide heated on a wire glowing in a flame. Chemicalinterest, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Linotype Machine — A Linotype hot-metal typesetting machine, with its keyboard, matrix magazine and casting mechanism.. Archives New Zealand, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Linotype Machine — Linotype operators at their keyboards in the composing room of the Chicago Defender newspaper, 1941. Russell Lee, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Linotype Machine — A cast Linotype type slug, a single line of metal type produced by the machine. Gerhard Doerries, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Macuahuitl — Aztec warriors wielding the macuahuitl, from Book IX of the 16th-century Florentine Codex. Florentine Codex (Bernardino de Sahagún), c. 1577, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Macuahuitl — A surviving macuahuitl excavated from San Marcos Street, on display at the Museo del Templo Mayor. Pedro Rafael Mena, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Macuahuitl — A modern reconstruction of an Aztec obsidian-edged macuahuitl based on codices and Spanish descriptions. Arjuno3, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Magic Lantern — A 19th-century illustration of a phantasmagoria magic-lantern show, with an audience watching projected spectral figures. Unknown author, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Magic Lantern — An antique magic lantern projector, circa 1800, with cylindrical lens-chamber and Argand-type lamp. Unknown artist, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Magic Lantern — Magic lantern slides depicting a Serpentine Dance, Museo Nazionale del Cinema, Turin. SunOfErat, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Mariner's Astrolabe — A cast-bronze mariner's astrolabe of about 1600, recovered from a shipwreck at Ria de Aveiro, Portugal, with its open-frame body and rotating sighting vane. Hispalois, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Mariner's Astrolabe — The 1603 French mariner's astrolabe lost during Champlain's 1613 expedition, found near Astrolabe Lake, Ontario. Pierre5018, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Mariner's Astrolabe — Period woodcut showing a navigator taking an observation with a mariner's astrolabe, from Medina's Regimento de navegacion, 1554. Wolfgang Köberer, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Mechanical Calculator — A Remington Model 102 mechanical adding machine with a hand-crank lever, digit keys and a paper register.. Issac I Navarro, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • The Mechanical Calculator — A Pascaline, Blaise Pascal's mechanical adding machine of the 1640s. Mirko Tobias Schaefer, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Mechanical Calculator — A Curta hand-crank mechanical calculator, 1950s-60s, at the Computer History Museum. The wub, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mechanical Television — John Logie Baird with 'Stooky Bill', the ventriloquist's dummy used in the first television demonstration, 1926. Orrin Dunlap, Jr. (Popular Radio, 1926), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mechanical Television — A 1930s mechanical-scan television receiver using a Nipkow disc, at the Tekniska museet. Holger.Ellgaard, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Mechanical Television — A 1927 RCA prototype mechanical television receiver with neon bulb and spinning disc, Indiana State Museum. Daderot, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mimeograph — A National Duplicator mimeograph stencil-duplicating machine on museum display.. Queensland Museum, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Mimeograph — A Roneo 250 mimeograph stencil duplicator. CatalinaDurhan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mimeograph — An 1889 advertisement for the Edison Mimeograph duplicator. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The MiniDisc — A Sony MiniDisc, smaller than a CD in its plastic shell. Amp1010, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The MiniDisc — Sony MZ-N707 portable MiniDisc Walkman recorder. Evan-Amos, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The MiniDisc — MiniDisc disassembled, showing the magneto-optical disc removed from its plastic shell. Jurireal, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • MiniDV Tape — A MiniDV cassette, the small digital video tape of the late 1990s and 2000s.. Unknown, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • MiniDV Tape — Sony Handycam DCR-VX2000 MiniDV camcorder. Nabukodinosaure, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • MiniDV Tape — Samsung VP-D371W MiniDV camcorder. Pittigrilli, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Minitel — A French Minitel 1 terminal (1982): a beige unit with a small CRT screen, keyboard and built-in modem for the Teletel network.. Tieum, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Minitel — A Minitel terminal in self-service public use. Raphaël Labbé, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Minitel — Minitel B1 terminal from 1986, a later Minitel model. Philafrenzy, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mithridatium and Theriac — Antique portrait of Mithridates VI of Pontus, the king who developed the original universal antidote. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mithridatium and Theriac — Albarello apothecary vase for theriac, Italy, 1641. Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Mithridatium and Theriac — The public manufacture of theriac at Bologna, gouache drawing by A. Terzi. A. Terzi, Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • MS-DOS — A screenshot of MS-DOS 5.00 at the command-line prompt, running in an emulator.. Microsoft / PantheraLeo1359531, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • MS-DOS — MS-DOS command line showing output of the dir command listing files in a directory. Przemub, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • MS-DOS — MS-DOS command line interface running on a PC. Microsoft, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Netbook — An Asus Eee PC netbook, the small cheap laptop that briefly held a fifth of the market.. Santeri Viinamäki, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Netbook — Acer Aspire One A150 netbook open, showing its small keyboard and compact screen. Ajgelado, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Netbook — A Dell Mini 12 netbook beside an Acer Aspire One, showing the small size of the netbook class. Hanul from Germany, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Netscape Navigator — A screenshot of Netscape Navigator 2, the browser that defined the early commercial web.. Indolering, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Netscape Navigator — Screenshot of Netscape Navigator 3 displaying a web page. Indolering, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Netscape Navigator — A boxed retail copy of Netscape Navigator on display at the Computer History Museum. Marcin Wichary from San Francisco, Calif., CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Newcomen Engine — A labelled cross-section of a Newcomen atmospheric engine, showing the boiler, cylinder, piston, and rocking beam. From W. Ripper, Heat Engines (1913), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Newcomen Engine — Preserved Newcomen atmospheric engine and engine house at the Black Country Living Museum. Elliott Brown from Birmingham, United Kingdom, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Newcomen Engine — 1904 engraving of a Newcomen atmospheric steam engine with its beam and cylinder. Andy Dingley (scanner), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Nilometer — The graduated central marble column of the Nilometer on Roda Island, Cairo, standing in its stone measuring well. Roland Unger, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Nilometer — 1878 engraving of a graduated nilometer scale used to measure the Nile flood. August Ramsthal (from Georg Ebers, Egypt, 1878), CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5)
  • Nilometer — 6th-century AD floor mosaic at Tabgha depicting a column nilometer marking Nile flood levels. Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Optical Telegraph — A 19th-century engraving of a Chappe semaphore telegraph tower, showing the cross-bar regulator and two jointed indicator arms set in a signalling position. Louis Figuier, Les merveilles de la science (1868), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Optical Telegraph — Preserved Chappe optical telegraph tower with semaphore arms at Saverne, France. Hans-Peter Scholz (Ulenspiegel), CC BY-SA 2.0 DE, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0 de)
  • The Optical Telegraph — Diagram of semaphore arm positions and the code table of an optical telegraph. Superbass, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Overhead Projector — An overhead transparency projector with its Fresnel lens stage and projection arm.. Swadim, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Overhead Projector — Teacher using an overhead projector in a university classroom, 1975. Aarne Mikonsaari / Etelä-Karjalan museo, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Overhead Projector — A 3M overhead projector showing the projection head, arm, and stage. Piotrus, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Pager — A Motorola Bravo Express numeric pager. Jakez, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Pager — A Motorola pager of the kind used in the 1990s. André Pinto de Souza, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Palm Pilot — A Palm Pilot 5000 handheld PDA on a plain background.. Mfatic, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Palm Pilot — A Palm m125 PDA held in the hand, showing the touchscreen. Siarhei Besarab, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Palm Pilot — Chart of Palm Graffiti handwriting-recognition strokes used for stylus input. IMeowbot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Pantelegraph — An 1873 engraving of Caselli's pantelegraph, showing the tall pendulum frame and scanning mechanism. From Die gesammten Naturwissenschaften (1873), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Pantelegraph — Replica of Caselli's pantelegraph preserved at the Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia, Milan. Alessandro Nassiri for Museo nazionale scienza e tecnologia, Milano, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Pantelegraph — Detail of the mechanism of Caselli's pantelegraph at the Milan science and technology museum. Alessandro Nassiri for Museo nazionale scienza e tecnologia, Milano, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Payphone — Red British telephone boxes at Covent Garden, London. M0tty, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Payphone — Vintage ITT Kellogg coin payphone unit. Myotus, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • The Payphone — Coin payphone mounted outdoors in St. Anne, Illinois. David Wilson from Oak Park, Illinois, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Penny-Farthing — Late-19th-century portrait photograph of a man standing beside a penny-farthing bicycle with its tall front wheel. M. Kets Kemethy, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Penny-Farthing — G. E. B. Timewell with a penny-farthing high-wheel bicycle, 1885 period photograph. State Library of Queensland, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Penny-Farthing — 1885 Rudge penny-farthing bicycle preserved at the Coventry Transport Museum. ...some guy (Flickr), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Phonograph Cylinder — An antique cylinder phonograph with its horn and a wax cylinder on the mandrel.. Ben Franske, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Phonograph Cylinder — Wax phonograph cylinder records in their cardboard packaging tubes. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Phonograph Cylinder — Edison Gold Moulded wax phonograph cylinder record. Phonatic, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Phototypesetting Machine — A Digiset 400T2 phototypesetting machine, which set type photographically onto film.. Fox Wu from Baden-Baden, Germany, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Phototypesetting Machine — A Linotron 202E high-speed CRT computer phototypesetter. うぃきの郎, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Phototypesetting Machine — An Intertype Photosetter phototypesetting machine. Fox Wu from Baden-Baden, Germany, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • AT&T Picturephone — An AT&T Picturephone videophone unit of the 1970s, with screen, camera and handset.. Richard Diehl (Labguy), CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • AT&T Picturephone — A 1970 AT&T Picturephone advertisement. AT&T Bell, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • AT&T Picturephone — Lady Bird Johnson using AT&T Picturephone service. White House Photograph Office, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Plasma TV — A Pioneer plasma flat-panel television on a stand.. Myling, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Plasma TV — A Panasonic plasma display panel mounted at a train station. Shunsuke Kobayashi, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Plasma TV — A Samsung plasma flat-panel television. Dave Jones from Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Player Piano — A 1902 magazine advertisement for the Pianola self-playing piano. The Sketch, 1902, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Player Piano — A perforated paper player piano roll. Draconichiaro, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Player Piano — The internal mechanism of a player piano with a paper roll. Tim Walker from United Kingdom, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Pneumatic Tube Mail — An 1861 test of London's pneumatic despatch system. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Pneumatic Tube Mail — An 1899 map of the Paris pneumatic mail network. Unknown, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Pocket Electronic Organizer — A Casio Data Bank DC-665 card-style electronic pocket organizer with clock and memo storage.. TopGear-V12, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Pocket Electronic Organizer — Psion Organiser II handheld electronic organizer, an early predecessor of the 1990s PDA. Felix Winkelnkemper, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Pocket Electronic Organizer — Sharp Wizard OZ-7000 electronic organizer open, showing the keypad and expansion card. Eli the Bearded, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Portable GPS Unit — A Garmin eTrex H handheld GPS navigation unit, a compact yellow-and-grey portable device.. Tim, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Portable GPS Unit — TomTom Go 720 portable automotive GPS navigation device. HBR, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Portable GPS Unit — TomTom Go 500 handheld car GPS navigation unit. Darren Meacher, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • The Punched Card — A deck of IBM punched cards holding a computer program, the data-processing medium of early computing.. ArnoldReinhold, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Punched Card — IBM 029 keypunch machine used to create punched cards. Patrick Finnegan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Punched Card — A woman operating a Hollerith pantograph card punch for the 1940 US census, circa 1940. U.S. National Archives, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Reel-to-Reel Tape Recorder — A Revox B77 open-reel tape recorder with two tape reels mounted on the deck.. touhotus, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Reel-to-Reel Tape Recorder — TEAC A-3440 4-track reel-to-reel audio tape recorder from the early 1980s. John Clift, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Reel-to-Reel Tape Recorder — Akai GX-635D open-reel tape recorder with magnetic tape reels mounted. Sameer Verma, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Rigid Airship (Zeppelin) — The LZ-129 Hindenburg rigid airship moored at Lakehurst Naval Air Station, New Jersey, January 1937.. U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Rigid Airship (Zeppelin) — The German zeppelin Hindenburg on fire at the mooring mast at Lakehurst, New Jersey, 6 May 1937. Sam Shere, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Rigid Airship (Zeppelin) — The Graf Zeppelin airship flying over New York City on its first transatlantic voyage in 1928. Underwood & Underwood, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Rongorongo — Close-up of a rongorongo tablet showing rows of incised glyphs written in reverse boustrophedon, with alternate lines inverted. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Rongorongo — Inscribed edge of rongorongo tablet R (small Washington tablet) showing the undeciphered glyphs. Anonymous, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Rongorongo — Rongorongo tablet T (Honolulu tablet) on display at the Bishop Museum, Hawaii. christopherhu, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Rotary Telephone — A black rotary-dial telephone with a handset and circular finger-wheel dial.. Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Rotary Telephone — A GPO 746 rotary-dial telephone, a classic British post-war design. Leonard Bentley, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Rotary Telephone — Candlestick telephone with rotary base on display at the Vintage Radio & Communications Museum of Connecticut. Ethan Long, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Saturn V / Rocketdyne F-1 Engine — The Apollo 17 Saturn V lifting off from Kennedy Space Center in December 1972 — the last Saturn V to fly. NASA, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Saturn V / Rocketdyne F-1 Engine — Looking upward at the cluster of five F-1 first-stage engines at the base of a Saturn V. Rafael Bernstein, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Saturn V / Rocketdyne F-1 Engine — The five F-1 engines on a Saturn V first stage on display in Huntsville, Alabama. Stablenode, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Sea Silk — Pinna nobilis, the giant Mediterranean fan clam whose golden byssus threads are spun into sea silk. Becky A. Dayhuff, Environmental Educator, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Sea Silk — Sea silk (byssus) gloves woven from Pinna nobilis fibres, Strasbourg Zoological Museum. Ji-Elle, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Sea Silk — Stocking woven from sea silk (byssus) of Pinna nobilis, 1765-1800 AD, Naturhistorisches Museum Braunschweig. Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Segway PT — Riders on Segway PT two-wheeled personal transporters in Washington, D.C.. Richard from DC, US, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Segway PT — A single Segway PT parked and charging at Segway Fest in Chicago. Foxtod, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Segway PT — A police officer patrolling on a Segway PT in Sweden. Adville, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Silphium — Depiction of the silphium plant, the extinct cash crop of ancient Cyrene. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Silphium — Ancient silver tetradrachm of Kyrene (480-460 BC) showing a silphium plant. ArchaiOptix, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Silphium — Cyrenaican coin depicting animals feeding on a silphium plant. Unknown author, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • The Slide Projector — A Kodak carousel 35mm slide projector with a horizontal circular slide tray, Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia, Milan.. Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Slide Projector — A typical 35mm slide projector opened to show its internal mechanism. Smial, CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0 de)
  • The Slide Projector — Old 35mm slides being digitized by photographing their projected images. Prateek Karandikar, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Slide Rule — A Graphoplex slide rule, showing its sliding logarithmic scales. Tangopaso, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Slide Rule — A Faber-Castell Mentor slide rule. NobbiP, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Space Shuttle — Space Shuttle Columbia lifting off from Kennedy Space Center on April 12, 1981, the first Shuttle launch (STS-1).. NASA, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Space Shuttle — Space Shuttle Discovery approaching the International Space Station during STS-133. NASA, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Space Shuttle — Space Shuttle Atlantis with drag chute deployed on its final landing, STS-135. NASA/Jim Grossmann, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Spark-Gap Transmitter — A 1919 rotary spark gap: a motor-driven wheel with electrodes around its rim striking fixed contacts to produce the rapid sparks that excited the transmitter's tuned circuit. Cyril Methodius Jansky (Principles of Radiotelegraphy, 1919), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Spark-Gap Transmitter — Complete spark-gap wireless telegraphy station, 1910. George Washington Pierce, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Spark-Gap Transmitter — Marconi spark transmitter in the wireless room of the SS Minnetonka, 1902. H. C. Marillier, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Spinning Mule — An 1835 engraving of mule spinning in a Lancashire cotton mill, with the spindle carriage and operatives. Edward Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture (1835), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Spinning Mule — Preserved condenser spinning mule at Helmshore Mills Textiles Museum. David Dixon, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Spinning Mule — Spinning mule on display at Quarry Bank Mill. Chris Allen, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Steam Locomotive — A working replica of Stephenson's Rocket, the 1829 locomotive. Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Steam Locomotive — The preserved steam locomotive Flying Scotsman at the National Railway Museum. David Moyle, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Steam Traction Engine — A steam traction engine on show at the Kenilworth Agricultural Show, 2010.. John Brightley, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Steam Traction Engine — Period photograph of a steam traction engine at work in farming. Bernard Spragg. NZ, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Steam Traction Engine — A preserved Robey steam traction engine. Bernard Spragg. NZ, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Stereoscope — A Holmes-type stereoscope: an open-frame handheld viewer with twin lenses and a sliding holder for a stereograph card. User Davepape on en.wikipedia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Stereoscope — 1894 stereograph card showing the twin side-by-side photos viewed through a stereoscope. Strohmeyer & Wyman, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Stereoscope — Victorian wood, glass and metal stereoscope viewer, circa 1880-1900, New-York Historical Society. The_Grotto (Wikipedia Loves Art), CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5)
  • Su Song's Astronomical Clock Tower — Diagram of the internal water-powered mechanism of Su Song's astronomical clock tower, from his treatise Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao. Su Song, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Su Song's Astronomical Clock Tower — Scale model reconstruction of Su Song's water-powered astronomical clock tower at the Chabot Space & Science Center. Kowloonese, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Su Song's Astronomical Clock Tower — Star map of Su Song's 1092 celestial globe showing the lunar mansions. PericlesofAthens, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Telegraph — A J-38 telegraph key, the classic hand key for sending Morse code. John Schanlaub, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Telegraph — Original Samuel Morse telegraph instrument. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Telegraph — Telegraph operators sending telegrams at the Tokyo Central Telegraph Office. NTT Public Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Teletext — The final broadcast frame of BBC Ceefax, the teletext service, as it closed down in 2012.. BBC Ceefax, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Teletext — Early BBC Ceefax teletext test page from 1972. BBC, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Teletext — Colourful teletext home page from Romanian broadcaster TVR. Gabidgjtx, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Telex — Operators working teletype (telex) machines, a U.S. Army photograph from World War II.. U.S. Army, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Telex — Teletype Model 33 ASR teleprinter terminal on display at the Computer History Museum. ArnoldReinhold, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Telex — Teletype Model 33 machine with keyboard and paper-tape mechanism. Kai Wegner from Berlin, Deutschland, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Stock Ticker Tape — A mechanical stock ticker that printed price quotations onto a narrow paper tape.. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Stock Ticker Tape — Thomas Edison stock ticker from the National Museum of American History. Jaclyn Nash (photographer), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Stock Ticker Tape — Mechanical stock ticker under a glass dome. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Typewriter — A classic Underwood No. 5 standard typewriter. Unknown, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Typewriter — Period photograph of a typist using a Corona folding typewriter. Anonymous, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Typewriter — Close-up of a vintage typewriter's keys and typebars. Hannes Grobe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Vacuum Tube — An assortment of vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) of various sizes.. Stefan Riepl (Quark48), CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0 de)
  • The Vacuum Tube — Glowing vacuum tubes inside a McIntosh MC240 audio amplifier. Sebastian Nizan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Vacuum Tube — Close-up of glowing electron vacuum tubes in operation. Adaeuper, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The VCR — A VHS videocassette. edusand, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The VCR — A VHS cassette shown with a ruler for scale. Damian Yerrick, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Tape Camcorder — A full-size RCA shoulder-mount VHS camcorder of the kind used for home video in the 1980s.. Darian Hildebrand, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Tape Camcorder — Panasonic NV-RX17 VHS-C camcorder. Zalasem1, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • The Tape Camcorder — JVC GR-C1 VHS-C camcorder, front view. Ignat Gorazd, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Cassette Walkman — The original Sony Walkman TPS-L2 with headphones. Binarysequence, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Cassette Walkman — Sony Walkman WM-41 cassette player. Dillan Payne, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Cassette Walkman — Sony Walkman WM-EX116 cassette player. Lankyrider, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) — A Nokia 7110, one of the first WAP-enabled mobile phones, with its spring-loaded cover.. Jakez, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) — Sony Ericsson W995i showing the WAP/WML mode of mobile Wikipedia. User:TheDJ, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) — Ericsson R320 WAP-capable mobile phone. The Norwegian Telecom Museum, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Windows XP — The Microsoft Windows XP wordmark logo.. Microsoft Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Windows XP — Windows XP desktop with the Luna theme. Microsoft Corporation; screenshot by PantheraLeo1359531, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Windows XP — Windows XP desktop, Luna theme at normal size. Microsoft Corporation; screenshot by PantheraLeo1359531, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Yakhchāl — A tall conical adobe yakhchāl dome standing in the desert in Yazd province, Iran. Pastaitaken, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Yakhchāl — Interior of a Persian yakhchāl ice-house. Jeanne Menj, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Yakhchāl — Adobe-brick yakhchāl ice-house. Saba2021, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Yōhen Tenmoku Glaze — A yōhen tenmoku tea bowl from the Fujita Museum, Osaka — one of only three known examples, all designated National Treasures of Japan. Bijyutsu Shuppansha, Tokyo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Yōhen Tenmoku Glaze — Yōhen tenmoku tea bowl, Ryōkō-in, Daitoku-ji. 座右宝刊行会 (Zayuho Kankokai), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Yōhen Tenmoku Glaze — Yōhen tenmoku tea bowl, Seikadō Bunko Art Museum. 座右寶刊行會 (Zayuho Kankokai), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Zip Disk — An Iomega 100 MB Zip disk, the teal-and-grey removable storage cartridge of the late 1990s.. Bobulous, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Zip Disk — Iomega Zip 100 drive with a disk. Yuri Litvinenko / 30pin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Zip Disk — Iomega parallel-port Zip drive. Pedant01, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)

Vanished Worlds

  • Abbasid Caliphate — The Malwiya, the 9th-century spiral minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq, built under the Abbasids.. Mohammedarab999, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Abbasid Caliphate — Gold dinar struck under Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, 184 AH (800 AD). PHGCOM, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5)
  • Abbasid Caliphate — Abbasid lustre-painted earthenware dish with stylised bird, Samarra, 9th century. Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Achaemenid Empire — Ruined columns and carved doorways of the Tachara, the Palace of Darius, at Persepolis. Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Achaemenid Empire — The Cyrus Cylinder, a clay barrel inscribed in Akkadian cuneiform, in the British Museum. Joyofmuseums, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Akkadian Empire — The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, an Akkadian king, c. 2250 BCE (Louvre). Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0 fr)
  • Akkadian Empire — Bronze head of an Akkadian ruler from Nineveh, possibly Sargon or Naram-Sin. Eric de Redelijkheid, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Akkadian Empire — Akkadian cylinder seal with contest scene, c. 2350-2150 BCE. Metropolitan Museum of Art, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Akrotiri — The Spring Fresco from Akrotiri: swallows in flight above red lilies, a Bronze Age wall painting, National Archaeological Museum, Athens.. Jebulon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Akrotiri — The Boxing Boys fresco from Akrotiri, Thera, 16th century BCE. Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Akrotiri — Excavated ruins of the Bronze Age settlement at Akrotiri, Santorini. Norbert Nagel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Kingdom of Aksum — The Northern Stelae Park at Aksum, Ethiopia, with the standing carved granite stela of King Ezana on the right and the shattered Great Obelisk on the left. A. Davey, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Kingdom of Aksum — Gold coin of King Ezana of Aksum (c. 340–400 CE), British Museum, showing a crowned bust holding a sceptre with cross symbols and a Greek legend — among the first coins anywhere to bear a Christian cross. Ismoon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Kingdom of Aksum — The collapsed Great Stela at Aksum, the ~33 m, 520-tonne monolith that broke in antiquity while being raised, carved with false windows and a multi-storey tower facade. A. Davey, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Almoravid dynasty — An Almoravid gold dinar struck at Seville in 1116, British Museum — the dynasty controlled the trans-Saharan gold routes and its dinars were copied in Christian Iberia as the maravedí. PHGCOM, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) — Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde, Colorado, a 13th-century Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwelling of over 150 rooms.. Andreas F. Borchert, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) — Great kiva at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, an Ancestral Puebloan great house. National Park Service, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) — Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) ceramic mugs. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Armero — A December 1985 aerial view of Armero, Colombia: a few buildings standing amid the grey mud that buried the town.. N. Banks, USGS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Armero — Nevado del Ruiz volcano in 1985, the eruption of which triggered the lahar that buried Armero. U.S. Geological Survey, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Armero — Aftermath of the 1985 Armero mudflow disaster documented by the USGS. Jeffrey Marso, USGS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Republic of Artsakh — Flag of the Republic of Artsakh — the Armenian tricolour with a white stepped pattern on the hoist. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Republic of Artsakh — Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shusha, Nagorno-Karabakh. Vadim Tolbatov (Odessicus), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Republic of Artsakh — The 'We Are Our Mountains' (Tatik-Papik) monument near Stepanakert. Benoit Prieur, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Asante Empire — Akan brass goldweights cast in figurative shapes, used by the Asante to measure gold dust. Bambiwa, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Asante Empire — An Asante captain in war dress, engraving from Bowdich's 1819 account of his mission to Kumasi. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Asante Empire — A weaver making kente cloth on a traditional loom, the prestige textile of the Asante court. Kwameghana (Bright Kwame Ayisi), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Austria-Hungary — The 1914 middle coat of arms of Austria-Hungary, combining the Austrian and Hungarian arms of the dual monarchy.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Austria-Hungary — Photograph of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, c. 1910. Bain News Service, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Austria-Hungary — Photochrom view of the Parliament building in Vienna during the Austro-Hungarian era. Photochrom Print Collection, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Aztec Empire — Codex Mendoza folio 2r: the founding of Tenochtitlan, an eagle perched on a cactus amid the city's founders. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Aztec Empire — The 1524 Nuremberg woodcut map of Tenochtitlan, the first European image of the city. Friedrich Peypus (1485–1534), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Babylon — The reconstructed Ishtar Gate of Babylon, in blue-glazed brick, at the Pergamon Museum, Berlin. Bontenbal, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Babylon — Crumbling mud-brick ruins of ancient Babylon, Iraq. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Babylon — Basalt Lion of Babylon statue at the ancient city of Babylon, Iraq. David Stanley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Beothuk — A drawing by Shanawdithit, the last known Beothuk, depicting Beothuk mythological emblems, made in 1829.. Shanawdithit, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Beothuk — 1819 portrait of Demasduit (Mary March), a Beothuk woman. Lady Henrietta Martha Hamilton / Library and Archives Canada, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Beothuk — Shanawdithit's drawing depicting the capture of Demasduit, a Beothuk woman. Shanawdithit (Nancy April), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Byzantine Empire — Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (Istanbul), completed under Justinian in 537. Arild Vagen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Byzantine Empire — Emperor Justinian and his court, mosaic at San Vitale, Ravenna, c. 547. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Byzantine Empire — The Theodosian land walls of Constantinople, Istanbul. Peter Christian Riemann, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Cahokia — Monks Mound at Cahokia, a broad flat-topped earthen pyramid rising in terraces above green grass under a summer sky. Skubasteve834, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Cahokia — Artist's aerial reconstruction of Cahokia at its peak: Monks Mound at centre, the Grand Plaza, a surrounding wooden palisade, and the Woodhenge post circle. Heironymous Rowe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Cahokia — Reconstructed rendering of Cahokia's Woodhenge timber circle with the sun rising over Monks Mound beyond the upright cedar posts. Herb Roe, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Carthage — Punic-era ruins on the site of ancient Carthage, Tunisia, Rome's great rival until its destruction in 146 BCE.. upyernoz, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Carthage — The Tophet of Carthage, a Punic burial precinct, Tunisia. IssamBarhoumi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Carthage — Punic funerary steles from the Carthage Tophet, Louvre. Tangopaso, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Champa — A weathered red-brick Cham tower-temple at the Mỹ Sơn sanctuary, Quảng Nam province, Vietnam, built without stone mortar. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Champa — High-relief sandstone Shiva of the Tháp Mắm style of Champa, late 11th–12th century, Da Nang Museum of Cham Sculpture. CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Champa — A brick Cham tower of the Po Nagar complex above Nha Trang, a Champa-era temple still used for worship. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Chechen Republic of Ichkeria — Flag of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria — green, white, and red bands with a reclining wolf. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Chechen Republic of Ichkeria — A Chechen fighter runs past a burnt-out Russian BMP-2 armoured vehicle during the battle for Grozny, First Chechen War. Mikhail Evstafiev, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Chechen Republic of Ichkeria — Dzhokhar Dudayev, first president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, photographed in 1991. Dmitry Borko, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Chimú — Carved adobe wall reliefs at Chan Chan, Peru — repeating geometric and animal motifs in mud brick. Martin St-Amant, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Chimú — Chimú ceremonial knife (tumi) of gold inlaid with turquoise, c. 1100–1470 CE, Art Institute of Chicago. Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Chimú — The mud-brick walls and courtyard of a Chan Chan palace-citadel, the largest adobe city in the pre-Columbian Americas. Kevstan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Czechoslovakia — Greater coat of arms of Czechoslovakia (1918-1938, 1945-1961): the Bohemian lion with the Slovak double cross and other lands.. Shazz, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Czechoslovakia — Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, first President of Czechoslovakia, photographed in 1925. Unknown author / Smithsonian Institution, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Czechoslovakia — Massive crowd at Letná Plain in Prague during the Velvet Revolution, 25 November 1989. ŠJůf, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Etruscan civilization — The Sarcophagus of the Spouses, a painted terracotta Etruscan funerary monument from Cerveteri, c. 520 BCE, Louvre.. Shonagon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Etruscan civilization — The Chimera of Arezzo, an Etruscan bronze statue of the mythical fire-breathing creature. Lucarelli, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Etruscan civilization — Etruscan fresco of dancers and musicians in the Tomb of the Leopards, Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Fatimid Caliphate — The Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, founded by the Fatimids around 970–972 CE and still a working centre of Islamic learning. Ahmed Farouk Hassan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Fatimid Caliphate — A Fatimid gold dinar of caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, struck in AH 343 (AD 954/5). Classical Numismatic Group, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Fatimid Caliphate — Bab al-Futuh, the northern gate in the Fatimid walls of Cairo — the city outlived the dynasty that built it. Hatem Moushir, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Gaul (Celtic) — The Dying Gaul, a Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic bronze depicting a mortally wounded Gallic warrior, Capitoline Museums, Rome.. BeBo86, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Gaul (Celtic) — Colossal 19th-century statue of the Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix at Alesia, Côte-d'Or, France. Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Gaul (Celtic) — Jean-Baptiste d'Anville's 1794 map of ancient Gaul (Gallia) in Roman times. Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ghana Empire — Detail from the 1375 Catalan Atlas: a crowned West African king of the western Sudan seated on a throne, holding a large gold nugget toward an approaching Saharan trader on a camel (depicting Mansa Musa of Mali, Ghana's successor empire). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ghana Empire — Map of western Saharan trade routes c. 1000–1500, marking goldfields and the caravan cities that linked the Ghana Empire to the Mediterranean. Aa77zz, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Ghana Empire — Plan of the Koumbi Saleh archaeological site in southeastern Mauritania, the city identified with the capital of the Ghana Empire. Chloé Capel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Golden Horde — Batu Khan, founder of the Golden Horde, enthroned — a miniature from Rashid al-Din's chronicle. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Golden Horde — Map of the Golden Horde at its extent, from the Carpathians to the Siberian steppe. CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Golden Horde — A Golden Horde silver dirham struck under Khan Tokhtamysh, c. 1380–1405, Numismatic Museum of Athens. Francesco Bini (Sailko), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Great Zimbabwe — The dry-stone granite wall of the Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe, curving across the hillside with the valley ruins below. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Great Zimbabwe — The solid conical tower inside the Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe, built of dressed granite blocks laid without mortar. JackyR, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Great Zimbabwe — Soapstone Zimbabwe Bird carvings mounted on stone pedestals, recovered from the ruins of Great Zimbabwe. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Guanches — A Guanche mummy from Tenerife, showing the pre-conquest Canary Islanders' mummification, National Archaeological Museum, Madrid.. Carlos Teixidor Cadenas, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Guanches — The Cenobio de Valerón, a Guanche communal granary of cave chambers carved into rock, Gran Canaria. Felix König, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Guanches — The Ídolo de Tara, a pre-conquest Guanche terracotta figurine from Gran Canaria, Museo Canario. Florival fr, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.5)
  • Gupta Empire — Sculpture panel on the Gupta-period Dashavatara temple at Deogarh, c. 500 CE, in an 1875 photograph.. Joseph David Beglar (1875), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Gupta Empire — Gupta gold coin of Chandragupta II showing an archer, late 4th–early 5th century CE. Cleveland Museum of Art (anonymous), CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Gupta Empire — The rust-resistant Iron Pillar of Delhi, raised in the Gupta period. Hridya08, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Hawaiian Kingdom — Iolani Palace in Honolulu, residence of the Hawaiian monarchs and the only royal palace on US soil.. Don Ramey Logan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Hawaiian Kingdom — Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii, photographed c. 1891. James J. Williams / restored by Adam Cuerden, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Hawaiian Kingdom — King Kalakaua of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Herculaneum — The excavated archaeological area of Herculaneum, its roofless Roman buildings sunk below the modern town of Ercolano.. Pierre André Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Herculaneum — Roman wall mosaic of Neptune and Amphitrite from Herculaneum. Jebulon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Herculaneum — Roman fresco of Achilles and the centaur Chiron from the Basilica at Herculaneum. Yair Haklai, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Hittite Empire — The Lion Gate at Hattusa, the Hittite capital near modern Bogazkale, Turkey, with carved lions flanking the entrance, c. 1400-1200 BCE.. Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Hittite Empire — Hittite rock relief of King Tudhaliya IV at the Yazilikaya sanctuary, Hattusa. travellingrunes (Flickr), CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Hittite Empire — Cuneiform clay tablet of the Treaty of Kadesh from Bogazkoy (Hattusa), Istanbul. Iocanus, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Holy Roman Empire — The Reichskrone, the medieval gold-and-enamel Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.. Finanzer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Holy Roman Empire — Map of the Holy Roman Empire's territories in 1789. ziegelbrenner / Trasamundo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Holy Roman Empire — Silver denier coin of Charlemagne minted at Mainz, 812-814 AD. Charlemagne (mint of Mainz), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Huns — Delacroix's 1847 fresco of Attila on horseback trampling Italy as the Arts flee before him, Palais Bourbon, Paris. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Huns — A fifth-century Hunnic gold diadem set with red stones, National Museum of Romanian History. Sailko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Inca Empire — Machu Picchu, the Inca stone citadel set on a ridge high in the Andes. Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Inca Empire — Massive Inca dry-stone walls at Sacsayhuamán above Cusco. Sharonkuei, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Inca Empire — Terraced Inca ruins at Ollantaytambo in the Sacred Valley. Tydence Davis, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Indus Valley (Harappan) civilization — The Priest-King, a steatite figurine from Mohenjo-daro, c. 2500-1900 BCE, Indus Valley Civilization.. Ganesh Mohan T, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Indus Valley (Harappan) civilization — The Dancing Girl bronze figurine from Mohenjo-daro. Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Indus Valley (Harappan) civilization — Indus Valley seal impression showing the unicorn/bull motif. PHGCOM, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Khmer Empire — Angkor Wat, the great temple-city of the Khmer Empire. Bjorn Christian Torrissen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Khmer Empire — Angkor Wat temple complex from the air, Siem Reap, Cambodia. Charles J Sharp, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.5)
  • Khmer Empire — A stone face-tower of the Bayon temple, Angkor Thom, Cambodia. Arabsalam, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Kingdom of Kush — A great pyramid at Meroë, drawn by the French explorer Frédéric Cailliaud during his 1821 expedition to Nubia. Frédéric Cailliaud, 1826, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Kingdom of Kush — Pyramids of Meroe rising from the desert in Sudan. Fabrizio Demartis, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Kingdom of Kush — Kushite gold pectoral of a winged goddess from Meroe, Sudan. Nubian Artist, Harvard University–Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Macedonian Empire — Detail of Alexander the Great from the Alexander Mosaic, House of the Faun, Pompeii, c. 100 BCE. Unknown artist, c. 100 BCE, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Macedonian Empire — Hellenistic marble portrait bust of Alexander the Great, Istanbul Archaeological Museum. Eric Gaba (Sting), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Macedonian Empire — Silver tetradrachm coin of Alexander III of Macedon. Interfase, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Majapahit — The 16.5-metre red-brick Bajang Ratu paduraksa gate at Trowulan, East Java, a surviving structure of the Majapahit capital. Gunawan Kartapranata, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Majapahit — The Surya Majapahit, the golden eight-rayed solar emblem of the Majapahit empire, with Hindu deities at eight cardinal points. Gunkarta, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Majapahit — A red-pigmented Majapahit-era terracotta head, traditionally said to depict the minister Gajah Mada, from the Trowulan region. Chris Hazzard, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Mali Empire — Detail of the Catalan Atlas (1375) showing Mansa Musa of Mali enthroned holding a gold nugget, Bibliotheque nationale de France.. Abraham Cresques, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mali Empire — The mud-brick Djinguereber Mosque at Timbuktu, Mali. Ondřej Havelka, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mali Empire — Mansa Musa of Mali holding a gold coin, from the 1375 Catalan Atlas. Abraham Cresques, 1375, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Maurya Empire — The Lion Capital of Ashoka, polished sandstone sculpture c. 250 BCE, Sarnath Museum.. lisa bat, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Maurya Empire — The Great Stupa at Sanchi viewed from the Eastern gateway. Nandanupadhyay, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Maurya Empire — Map of the Maurya Empire at its greatest extent c. 250 BCE. Avantiputra7, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Classic Maya Civilization — Temple I (the Temple of the Great Jaguar) rising above the jungle at Tikal, Guatemala. chensiyuan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Classic Maya Civilization — El Castillo pyramid of Kukulcán at Chichén Itzá, Mexico. Daniel Schwen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Classic Maya Civilization — Carved stela relief at the Copán Maya archaeological site, Honduras. LBM1948, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Minoan civilization — The Bull-Leaping fresco from the Palace of Knossos, c. 1450 BCE, Heraklion Archaeological Museum, Crete.. Jebulon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Minoan civilization — The North Portico ruins of the Palace of Knossos, Crete. Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Minoan civilization — The Phaistos Disc, a Minoan fired-clay disc with stamped symbols. Jerzystrzelecki, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mongol Empire — The classic album portrait of Genghis Khan (National Palace Museum, Taipei). Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mongol Empire — A 14th-century portrait of Genghis Khan, National Palace Museum. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mongol Empire — Mongol troops with a catapult, miniature from Rashid al-Din's chronicle, c. 1307. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mughal Empire — The Taj Mahal, the white-marble mausoleum completed 1653, Agra, built under the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.. Dhirad, edited by J. A. Knudsen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Mughal Empire — Period portrait of the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great. Mughal court painter, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mughal Empire — The Mughal-era Red Fort (Lal Qila) in Delhi. PerSona77, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Mycenaean Greece — The gold 'Mask of Agamemnon', 16th century BCE, National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Gleb Simonov, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mycenaean Greece — The Lion Gate, monumental entrance to the Bronze Age citadel of Mycenae, Greece. Zde, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mycenaean Greece — Mycenaean clay tablet from Pylos inscribed in Linear B script, National Archaeological Museum Athens. Sharon Mollerus, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Neo-Assyrian Empire — A lamassu, the human-headed winged bull that guarded Assyrian palace gates. Marie-Lan Nguyen, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Neo-Assyrian Empire — A human-headed winged bull (lamassu), Neo-Assyrian, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Neo-Assyrian Empire — The Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, alabaster relief, 7th century BCE, Nineveh, British Museum. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Netherlands Antilles — Flag of the Netherlands Antilles — a white field with a red-bordered blue stripe and five stars for the islands. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Netherlands Antilles — Colonial Dutch waterfront houses along the Handelskade in Willemstad, Curaçao. Rodry 1 at Dutch Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Netherlands Antilles — Pastel-coloured colonial facades of the Punda district waterfront in Willemstad, Curaçao. Charles Hoffman, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Ottoman Empire — The tughra (imperial monogram) of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman calligraphy in ink and gold, 16th century.. Ottoman imperial chancery, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ottoman Empire — Renaissance portrait of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Cristofano dell'Altissimo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ottoman Empire — Topkapı Palace, the former Ottoman imperial residence in Istanbul. Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Parthian Empire — A silver Parthian drachm; the obverse shows a bearded diademed king, the standard imperial coinage of the Arsacid dynasty. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Parthian Empire — The 1.94-metre bronze 'Parthian nobleman' from the sanctuary at Shami, one of the few surviving full-figure works of Parthian art, in the National Museum of Iran. Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Parthian Empire — Stone temple ruins of Hatra, a fortified Parthian-era caravan city in northern Iraq that twice withstood Roman sieges. Staff Sgt. JoAnn Makinano, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Phoenicia — The Sarcophagus of Ahiram, king of Byblos, bearing the earliest substantial Phoenician inscription, c. 10th century BCE, National Museum of Beirut.. O. Mustafin, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Phoenicia — Black marble Phoenician sarcophagus of King Eshmunazar II of Sidon, on display in the Louvre. Vania Teofilo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Phoenicia — Phoenician silver double shekel of Sidon, 342-341 BCE, showing a war galley. Reinhard Saczewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Plymouth — Plymouth, Montserrat from the air, its buildings buried under grey volcanic ash from Soufrière Hills.. Patrick Hawks, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Plymouth — Soufrière Hills volcano on Montserrat erupting, seen from space. Jesse Allen, NASA Earth Observatory / MODIS Rapid Response Team, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Plymouth — Buildings of Plymouth, Montserrat buried in volcanic ash. Leonora (Ellie) Enking, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Pompeii — The Via dell'Abbondanza, a main street of Pompeii, paved in stone and lined with the ruins of Roman buildings.. Lord Pheasant (English Wikipedia), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Pompeii — Plaster cast of a victim of the 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius, Pompeii. Kleuske, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Pompeii — Frescoed wall from the Casa del Centauro, Pompeii, recorded during the 1829 excavations. Wilhelm Zahn (d. 1871), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Kingdom of Prussia — Sanssouci, the rococo summer palace of Frederick the Great, completed 1747, Potsdam.. Till Krech, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Kingdom of Prussia — Portrait of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, by Anton Graff. Anton Graff, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Kingdom of Prussia — The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, built under the Kingdom of Prussia. Thomas Wolf, www.foto-tw.de, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Ptolemaic Egypt — The Temple of Horus at Edfu, a Ptolemaic-period sandstone temple completed 57 BCE, Upper Egypt.. Christopher Steinle, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Ptolemaic Egypt — The pylon of the Temple of Horus at Edfu, built under the Ptolemies. Vyacheslav Argenberg, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Ptolemaic Egypt — The 'Berlin Cleopatra', a marble portrait head of Cleopatra VII, c. 40-30 BCE. Chappsnet, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Qin Dynasty — Rows of terracotta warriors standing in formation in Pit 1 of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor near Xi'an, China. BrokenSphere, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Qin Dynasty — Close-up of a single terracotta warrior's face, showing the individually modelled features of the Qin tomb figures. Peter Morgan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Qin Dynasty — A 19th-century painted portrait of Qin Shi Huang, first emperor of China, in imperial robes. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Qing Empire — The Forbidden City in Beijing seen from Jingshan (Coal Hill), the imperial palace complex of the Ming and Qing dynasties.. Pixelflake, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Qing Empire — Photograph of Empress Dowager Cixi of the Qing dynasty. Xunling, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Qing Empire — Court painting of the Qianlong Emperor by Giuseppe Castiglione. Giuseppe Castiglione, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Rashidun Caliphate — Map of the early Islamic expansion, showing the territory conquered under the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 661 — from Egypt and the Levant across Persia to eastern Iran. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Russian Empire — Aerial view of the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, official residence of the Russian emperors from 1732 to 1917.. Godot13, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Russian Empire — Portrait of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Ernst von Liphart, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Russian Empire — Portrait of Empress Catherine the Great of Russia. After Alexander Roslin, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Safavid Iran — Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan, the central plaza laid out by Shah Abbas I after 1598, heart of the Safavid capital. Erfan Ghofrani, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Safavid Iran — The Ardabil Carpet, a mid-16th-century Safavid Persian carpet, among the finest surviving examples of Safavid court weaving. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Safavid Iran — Safavid miniature portrait of Shah Abbas I as a young man, Iran, c. 1590, the ruler who rebuilt Isfahan. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Saint-Pierre — The roofless stone ruins of the prison at Saint-Pierre, Martinique, destroyed by Mont Pelée in 1902.. Thérèse Gaigé, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Saint-Pierre — Mont Pelée and the destroyed town of Saint-Pierre after the 1902 eruption. B.L. Singley, Keystone View Company, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Saint-Pierre — 1902 photograph of the catastrophe at Saint-Pierre, Martinique. Albert Rademacher, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Sasanian Empire — The Taq Kasra (Arch of Ctesiphon), the vaulted brick iwan of the Sasanian royal palace at Ctesiphon, Iraq.. Hassan Majed, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Sasanian Empire — Sasanian rock relief of Shapur I's triumph over Roman emperors at Naqsh-e Rostam. Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Sasanian Empire — Sasanian gilded silver plate showing a king hunting rams. Metropolitan Museum of Art, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Seleucid Empire — Silver tetradrachm bearing a diademed portrait of Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire, with a bull's horn.. Classical Numismatic Group (CNG), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Seleucid Empire — Colonnaded main street (cardo) of the ruined Seleucid city of Apamea, Syria. Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Seleucid Empire — Marble head resembling the Seleucid king Antiochus III, Louvre Museum. Carole Raddato from Frankfurt, Germany, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Selk'nam — A modern re-enactment of the Selk'nam Hain initiation ceremony, with participants in traditional body paint, Tierra del Fuego.. David Stanley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Selk'nam — Selk'nam (Ona) people of Tierra del Fuego in a historical photograph. Pehuén Editores, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Selk'nam — Selk'nam (Ona) man of Tierra del Fuego, 1904 photograph. Marie Robinson Wright, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Serbia and Montenegro — Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (and FR Yugoslavia) — a blue, white, and red horizontal tricolour. Government of Serbia and Montenegro, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Serbia and Montenegro — Bombed-out Radio Television of Serbia building in Belgrade, damaged in the 1999 NATO bombing. LukaP, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Serbia and Montenegro — Damage to the Chinese embassy in Belgrade after the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Stuinzuri, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Songhai Empire — The mud-brick Djinguereber Mosque in Timbuktu, a centre of learning under the Songhai Empire. Dr. Ondřej Havelka (cestovatel), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Songhai Empire — The Tomb of Askia in Gao, a 17-metre mud pyramid built around 1495. Taguelmoust, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Soviet Union — The state emblem of the Soviet Union (1958-1991): hammer and sickle over a globe, framed by wheat and the red star.. Madden, reworked by F l a n k e r, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Soviet Union — Military parade on Red Square, Moscow, 7 November 1935. Soviet photographer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Soviet Union — Vladimir Lenin addressing a crowd in Moscow, May 1920. Grigory Petrovich Goldstein, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Srivijaya — Borobudur, the 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Central Java, built during the era of Srivijayan influence.. Zaenulihsan91, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Srivijaya — The Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 CE), oldest dated Srivijayan stone inscription, from Palembang, Sumatra. Gunawan Kartapranata, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Srivijaya — Brick temple ruins at the Muaro Jambi archaeological site, a Srivijayan-era Buddhist complex in Sumatra. Firzafp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Sumer — The 'War' panel of the Standard of Ur, a Sumerian shell-and-lapis mosaic, c. 2600-2400 BCE, British Museum.. LeastCommonAncestor, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Sumer — The Peace panel of the Standard of Ur (c. 2600 BCE), depicting a Sumerian banquet, from the Royal Cemetery at Ur. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Sumer — The restored Great Ziggurat of Ur near Nasiriyah, Iraq, a monumental Sumerian temple platform. Alli Khalil, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Tamil Eelam — Flag of Tamil Eelam — a leaping tiger encircled by rifles on a red field, the emblem of the LTTE's de facto state. Tyiqnqnenq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Tamil Eelam — The Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil in Jaffna, a major Hindu temple landmark of the Tamil heartland in northern Sri Lanka. lakpuratravels, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Tamil Eelam — The Dutch-built Jaffna Fort, a landmark of the Jaffna peninsula contested during the Sri Lankan civil war. Rehman Abubakr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Teotihuacan — The Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan, Mexico, one of the largest pyramids in the Americas, c. 100-200 CE.. Veethika, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Teotihuacan — Feathered Serpent heads on the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, Teotihuacan. rosemania, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Teotihuacan — The Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Veethika, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Tiwanaku — The Gateway of the Sun at Tiwanaku, Bolivia — a monolithic andesite portal carved with a central Staff Deity and 48 winged figures, c. 800–1000 CE. Sasha India, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Tiwanaku — The Ponce monolith at Tiwanaku, a 3-metre andesite statue of a figure holding ceremonial objects, standing in the Kalasasaya court. Sasha India, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Tiwanaku — Precision-cut andesite blocks at Pumapunku, Tiwanaku, trimmed into interlocking H-shaped profiles with sharp right angles. Janikorpi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Republic of Venice — The Doge's Palace (Palazzo Ducale) in Venice, Gothic seat of the Republic of Venice until 1797.. Adriano (Italian Wikipedia), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Republic of Venice — Canaletto's view of the entrance to the Grand Canal, Venice, painted during the Venetian Republic. Canaletto, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Republic of Venice — The west facade of St Mark's Basilica, the state church of the Republic of Venice. Yair Haklai, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Vijayanagara Empire — The gopuram of the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi, in the ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire's capital, Karnataka.. Arun Varadarajan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Vijayanagara Empire — Stone Chariot shrine at the Vittala Temple complex, Hampi. Sanyam Bahga, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Vijayanagara Empire — The Lotus Mahal pavilion in the royal enclosure at Hampi. Sanyam Bahga, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Western Roman Empire — The Colosseum in Rome. Diliff, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5)
  • Western Roman Empire — The Augustus of Prima Porta statue of Emperor Augustus. Till Niermann, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Western Roman Empire — The Pont du Gard Roman aqueduct bridge in southern France. Benh LIEU SONG, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Western Xia — Eroded conical earthen mound of a Western Xia imperial mausoleum at the foot of the Helan Mountains near Yinchuan. Xiquinho Silva, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Western Xia — Page of the Golden Light Sutra written in Tangut script with gold ink on dark blue paper. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Western Xia — Thirteenth-century Tangut Buddhist painting of Vaishravana from Khara-Khoto, State Hermitage Museum. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Xiongnu — A Xiongnu gold headdress topped with an eagle, animal-style steppe goldwork, in a museum collection. Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Xiongnu — Map of the Xiongnu empire around 150 BCE at its height, stretching across Mongolia and Inner Asia after Modu Chanyu's conquests. Pataliputra, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Xiongnu — A small Xiongnu gold tiger, an example of the steppe animal-style metalwork the confederation produced. Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Yahi — A 1914 portrait of Ishi, the last known member of the Yahi people, at the University of California.. Saxton T. Pope, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Yahi — Ishi, last survivor of the Yahi people, photographed in 1912. E.H. Kemp, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Yahi — Ishi photographed in 1915, the year before his death. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Yugoslavia — Flag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1992): a blue-white-red tricolour with a gold-edged red star.. Flag designed by Đorđe Andrejević-Kun; SVG by Zscout370, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Yugoslavia — Josip Broz Tito, leader of socialist Yugoslavia, in uniform. Museum of Yugoslavia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Yugoslavia — Tito as Partisan commander in 1944 during World War II. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Zulu Kingdom — A Zulu warrior in traditional dress, photograph c. 1917, New York Public Library Digital Collections.. Cornelius H. Patton (1860-1939), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Zulu Kingdom — King Cetshwayo kaMpande of the Zulu Kingdom, c.1875. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Zulu Kingdom — Alphonse de Neuville's painting of the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War defence of Rorke's Drift. Alphonse de Neuville, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)

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